¶

Configuration¶

PyPSA-Eur has several configuration options which are documented in this section.

Configuration Files¶

Any PyPSA-Eur configuration can be set in a .yaml file. The default configurations config/config.default.yaml and config/plotting.default.yaml are maintained in the repository and cover all the options that are used/ can be set.

To pass your own configuration, you can create a new file, e.g. my_config.yaml, and specify the options you want to change. They will override the default settings and options which are not set, will be inherited from the defaults above.

Another way is to use the config/config.yaml file, which does not exist in the repository and is also not tracked by git. But snakemake will always use this file if it exists. This way you can run snakemake with a custom config without having to specify the config file each time.

Configuration order of precedence is as follows: 1. Command line options specified with --config (optional) 2. Custom configuration file specified with --configfile (optional) 3. The config/config.yaml file (optional) 4. The default configuration files config/config.default.yaml and config/plotting.default.yaml

To use your custom configuration file, you need to pass it to the snakemake command using the --configfile option:

$ snakemake -call --configfile my_config.yaml

Warning

In a previous version of PyPSA-Eur (<=2025.04.0), a full copy of the created config was stored in the config/config.yaml file. This is no longer the case. If the file exists, snakemake will use it, but no new copy will be created.

`version`¶

Version of PyPSA-Eur. Descriptive only.

Type: string
Default: v2026.02.0

YAML Syntax

version: v2026.02.0

`tutorial`¶

Switch to retrieve the tutorial data set instead of the full data set.

Type: boolean
Default: false

YAML Syntax

tutorial: false

`logging`¶

Configuration for top level logging settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`level`	enum (`DEBUG`, `INFO`, `WARNING`, `ERROR`, `CRITICAL`)	`INFO`	Restrict console outputs to all infos, warning or errors only
`format`	string	`%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s`	Custom format for log messages. See LogRecord attributes.

YAML Syntax

logging:
  level: INFO
  format: "%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s"

`remote`¶

"Remote" indicates the address of a server used for data exchange, often for clusters and data pushing/pulling.

Configuration for top level remote settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`ssh`	string	`""`	Optionally specify the SSH of a remote cluster to be synchronized.
`path`	string	`""`	Optionally specify the file path within the remote cluster to be synchronized.

YAML Syntax

remote:
  ssh: ""
  path: ""

`run`¶

It is common conduct to analyse energy system optimisation models for multiple scenarios for a variety of reasons, e.g. assessing their sensitivity towards changing the temporal and/or geographical resolution or investigating how investment changes as more ambitious greenhouse-gas emission reduction targets are applied.

The run section is used for running and storing scenarios with different configurations which are not covered by wildcards. It determines the path at which resources, networks and results are stored. Therefore the user can run different configurations within the same directory.

Configuration for top level run settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`prefix`	string	`""`	Prefix for the run name which is used as a top-layer directory name in the results and resources folders.
`name`	string \| list of string	`""`	Specify a name for your run. Results will be stored under this name. If `scenario: enable:` is set to `true`, the name must contain a subset of scenario names defined in `scenario: file:`. If the name is 'all', all defined scenarios will be run.
`scenarios`	any		Configuration for `run.scenarios` level.
`enable`	boolean	`false`	Switch to select whether workflow should generate scenarios based on `file`.
`file`	string	`config/scenarios.yaml`	Path to the scenario yaml file. The scenario file contains config overrides for each scenario. In order to be taken account, `run: scenarios` has to be set to `true` and `run: name` has to be a subset of top level keys given in the scenario file. In order to automatically create a `scenario.yaml` file based on a combination of settings, alter and use the `config/create_scenarios.py` script in the `config` directory.
`disable_progressbar`	boolean	`false`	Switch to select whether progressbar should be disabled.
`shared_resources`	any		Configuration for `run.shared_resources` level.
`policy`	boolean \| string	`false`	Boolean switch to select whether resources should be shared across runs. If a string is passed, this is used as a subdirectory name for shared resources. If set to 'base', only resources before creating the elec.nc file are shared.
`exclude`	list of string		For the case shared_resources=base, specify additional files that should not be shared across runs.
`use_shadow_directory`	boolean	`false`	Set to `true` (default) if snakemake shadow directories (`shallow`) should be used. Set to `false` if problems occur.

YAML Syntax

run:
  prefix: ""
  name: ""
  scenarios:
    enable: false
    file: config/scenarios.yaml
  disable_progressbar: false
  shared_resources:
    policy: false
    exclude: []
  use_shadow_directory: false

`foresight`¶

planning_horizons in scenario has to be set.

Configuration for foresight settings.

Type: enum (overnight, myopic, perfect)
Default: overnight

YAML Syntax

foresight: overnight

Note

If you use myopic or perfect foresight, the planning horizon in planning_horizons in scenario has to be set.

`scenario`¶

The scenario section is an extraordinary section of the config file that is strongly connected to the wildcards and is designed to facilitate running multiple scenarios through a single command

# for electricity-only studies
   $ snakemake -call solve_elec_networks

   # for sector-coupling studies
   $ snakemake -call solve_sector_networks

For each wildcard, a **list of values** is provided. The rule

solve_all_elec_networks will trigger the rules for creating results/networks/base_s_{clusters}_elec_{opts}.nc for all combinations of the provided wildcard values as defined by Python's itertools.product(...) function that snakemake's expand(...) function uses.

An exemplary dependency graph (starting from the simplification rules) then looks like this:

Configuration for top level scenario settings.

Property	Type	Description
`clusters`	list of integer \| enum (`adm`, `all`)	List of `{clusters}` wildcards to run. Use 'adm' for administrative clustering mode, 'all' for all nodes.
`opts`	list of string	List of `{opts}` wildcards to run.
`sector_opts`	list of string	List of `{sector_opts}` wildcards to run.
`planning_horizons`	list of integer	List of `{planning_horizon}` wildcards to run.

YAML Syntax

scenario:
  clusters:
  - 50
  opts:
  - ""
  sector_opts:
  - ""
  planning_horizons:
  - 2050

`countries`¶

Configuration for countries settings.

Type: list of string
Default: [...]

YAML Syntax

countries:
- AL
- AT
- BA
- BE
- BG
- CH
- CZ
- DE
- DK
- EE
- ES
- FI
- FR
- GB
- GR
- HR
- HU
- IE
- IT
- LT
- LU
- LV
- ME
- MK
- NL
- 'NO'
- PL
- PT
- RO
- RS
- SE
- SI
- SK
- XK

`snapshots`¶

Specifies the temporal range to build an energy system model for as arguments to pandas.date_range

Configuration for snapshots settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`start`	string \| list of string	`2013-01-01`	Left bound of date range.
`end`	string \| list of string	`2014-01-01`	Right bound of date range.
`inclusive`	enum (`left`, `right`, `both`) \| null	`left`	Make the time interval closed to the `left`, `right`, or both sides `both` or neither side `None`.

YAML Syntax

snapshots:
  start: "2013-01-01"
  end: "2014-01-01"
  inclusive: left

`enable`¶

Switches for some rules and optional features.

Configuration for enable settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`drop_leap_day`	boolean	`true`	Switch to drop February 29 from all time-dependent data in leap years.

YAML Syntax

    enable: false
    file: config/scenarios.yaml
  disable_progressbar: false
  shared_resources:
    policy: false
    exclude: []
  use_shadow_directory: false

foresight: overnight

scenario:
  clusters:
  - 50
  opts:
  - ""
  sector_opts:
  - ""
  planning_horizons:
  - 2050

countries:
- AL
- AT
- BA
- BE
- BG
- CH
- CZ
- DE
- DK
- EE
- ES
- FI
- FR
- GB
- GR
- HR
- HU
- IE
- IT
- LT
- LU
- LV
- ME
- MK
- NL
- 'NO'
- PL
- PT
- RO
- RS
- SE
- SI
- SK
- XK

snapshots:
  start: "2013-01-01"
  end: "2014-01-01"
  inclusive: left

enable:
  drop_leap_day: true

`co2 budget`¶

sector_opts.

Configuration for co2_budget settings.

Type: dict (str -> number)

YAML Syntax

co2_budget:
  2020: 0.72
  2025: 0.648
  2030: 0.45
  2035: 0.25
  2040: 0.1
  2045: 0.05
  2050: 0.0

Note

this parameter is over-ridden if Co2Lx or cb is set in sector_opts.

`electricity`¶

Configuration for electricity settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`voltages`	list of number		Voltage levels to consider.
`base_network`	enum (`entsoegridkit`, `osm`, `tyndp`)	`osm`	Specify the underlying base network, i.e. GridKit (based on ENTSO-E web map extract), OpenStreetMap (OSM), or TYNDP.
`gaslimit_enable`	boolean	`false`	Add an overall absolute gas limit configured in `electricity: gaslimit`.
`gaslimit`	number \| boolean	`false`	Global gas usage limit.
`co2limit_enable`	boolean	`false`	Add an overall absolute carbon-dioxide emissions limit configured in `electricity: co2limit` in `prepare_network`. Warning: This option should currently only be used with electricity-only networks, not for sector-coupled networks.
`co2limit`	number	`77500000.0`	Cap on total annual system carbon dioxide emissions.
`co2base`	number	`1487000000.0`	Reference value of total annual system carbon dioxide emissions if relative emission reduction target is specified in `{opts}` wildcard.
`operational_reserve`	any		Configuration for `electricity.operational_reserve` settings.
`activate`	boolean	`false`	Whether to take operational reserve requirements into account during optimisation.
`epsilon_load`	number	`0.02`	share of total load.
`epsilon_vres`	number	`0.02`	share of total renewable supply.
`contingency`	number	`4000`	Fixed reserve capacity (MW).
`max_hours`	any		Configuration for `electricity.max_hours` settings.
`battery`	number	`6`	Maximum state of charge capacity of the battery in terms of hours at full output capacity `p_nom`. Cf. PyPSA documentation .
`li-ion`	number	`6`	Maximum state of charge capacity of the lithium-ion storage in terms of hours at full output capacity `p_nom`. Cf. PyPSA documentation .
`lfp`	number	`6`	Maximum state of charge capacity of the lithium-ion-LFP storage in terms of hours at full output capacity `p_nom`. Cf. PyPSA documentation .
`vanadium`	number	`10`	Maximum state of charge capacity of the vanadium-redox-flow storage in terms of hours at full output capacity `p_nom`. Cf. PyPSA documentation .
`lair`	number	`12`	Maximum state of charge capacity of the liquid-air storage in terms of hours at full output capacity `p_nom`. Cf. PyPSA documentation .
`pair`	number	`24`	Maximum state of charge capacity of the compressed-air-adiabatic storage in terms of hours at full output capacity `p_nom`. Cf. PyPSA documentation .
`iron-air`	number	`100`	Maximum state of charge capacity of the iron-air storage in terms of hours at full output capacity `p_nom`. Cf. PyPSA documentation .
`H2`	number	`168`	Maximum state of charge capacity of the hydrogen storage in terms of hours at full output capacity `p_nom`. Cf. PyPSA documentation .
`extendable_carriers`	any		Configuration for `electricity.extendable_carriers` settings.
`Generator`	list of string		Defines existing or non-existing conventional and renewable power plants to be extendable during the optimization. Conventional generators can only be built/expanded where already existent today. If a listed conventional carrier is not included in the `conventional_carriers` list, the lower limit of the capacity expansion is set to 0.
`StorageUnit`	list of string		Adds extendable storage units at every node/bus after clustering without capacity limits and with zero initial capacity. Supported technologies include battery, H2, li-ion, vanadium, lfp, lair, pair, and iron-air.
`Store`	list of string		Adds extendable storage units at every node/bus after clustering without capacity limits and with zero initial capacity. Supported technologies include battery, H2, li-ion, vanadium, lfp, lair, pair, and iron-air.
`Link`	list of string		Adds extendable links (H2 pipelines only) at every connection where there are lines or HVDC links without capacity limits and with zero initial capacity. Hydrogen pipelines require hydrogen storage to be modelled as `Store`.
`powerplants_filter`	string \| boolean	`(DateOut > 2025 or DateOut != DateOut) and (DateIn < 2026 or DateIn != DateIn)`	Filter query for the default powerplant database.
`custom_powerplants`	string \| boolean	`false`	Filter query for the custom powerplant database.
`everywhere_powerplants`	list of string		List of conventional power plants to add to every node in the model with zero initial capacity. To be used in combination with `extendable_carriers` to allow for building conventional powerplants irrespective of existing locations.
`conventional_carriers`	list of string		List of conventional power plants to include in the model from `resources/powerplants_s_{clusters}.csv`. If an included carrier is also listed in `extendable_carriers`, the capacity is taken as a lower bound.
`renewable_carriers`	list of string		List of renewable generators to include in the model.
`estimate_renewable_capacities`	any		Configuration for `electricity.estimate_renewable_capacities` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`true`	Activate routine to estimate renewable capacities in rule `add_electricity`. This option should not be used in combination with pathway planning `foresight: myopic` or `foresight: perfect` as renewable capacities are added differently in `add_existing_baseyear`.
`from_powerplantmatching`	boolean	`true`	Add renewable capacities from powerplantmatching dataset.
`from_irenastat`	boolean	`false`	Supplement powerplantmatching dataset with heuristics based on country-level renewable capacities from IRENA (IRENASTAT).
`year`	integer	`2024`	Renewable capacities are based on existing capacities reported by IRENA (IRENASTAT) for the specified year.
`expansion_limit`	number \| boolean	`false`	Artificially limit maximum IRENA capacities to a factor. For example, an `expansion_limit: 1.1` means 110% of capacities. If false are chosen, the estimated renewable potentials determine by the workflow are used.
`technology_mapping`	any		Configuration for `electricity.estimate_renewable_capacities.technology_mapping` settings.
`Offshore`	string	`offwind-ac`	PyPSA-Eur carrier that is considered for existing offshore wind technology (IRENA, GEM).
`Onshore`	string	`onwind`	PyPSA-Eur carrier that is considered for existing onshore wind capacities (IRENA, GEM).
`PV`	string	`solar`	PyPSA-Eur carrier that is considered for existing solar PV capacities (IRENA, GEM).
`estimate_battery_capacities`	boolean	`false`	Enable estimation of existing battery storage capacities.
`autarky`	any		Configuration for `electricity.autarky` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`false`	Require each node to be autarkic by removing all lines and links.
`by_country`	boolean	`false`	Require each country to be autarkic by removing all cross-border lines and links. `electricity: autarky` must be enabled.
`transmission_limit`	string	`vopt`	Limit on transmission expansion. The first part can be `v` (for setting a limit on line volume) or `c` (for setting a limit on line cost). The second part can be `opt` or a float bigger than one (e.g. 1.25). If `opt` is chosen line expansion is optimised according to its capital cost (where the choice `v` only considers overhead costs for HVDC transmission lines, while `c` uses more accurate costs distinguishing between overhead and underwater sections and including inverter pairs). The setting `v1.25` will limit the total volume of line expansion to 25% of currently installed capacities weighted by individual line lengths. The setting `c1.25` will allow to build a transmission network that costs no more than 25 % more than the current system.

YAML Syntax

electricity:
  voltages:
  - 220.0
  - 300.0
  - 330.0
  - 380.0
  - 400.0
  - 500.0
  - 750.0
  base_network: osm
  gaslimit_enable: false
  gaslimit: false
  co2limit_enable: false
  co2limit: 77500000.0
  co2base: 1487000000.0
  operational_reserve:
    activate: false
    epsilon_load: 0.02
    epsilon_vres: 0.02
    contingency: 4000
  max_hours:
    battery: 6
    "li-ion": 6
    lfp: 6
    vanadium: 10
    lair: 12
    pair: 24
    "iron-air": 100
    H2: 168
  extendable_carriers:
    Generator:
    - solar
    - "solar-hsat"
    - onwind
    - "offwind-ac"
    - "offwind-dc"
    - "offwind-float"
    - OCGT
    - CCGT
    StorageUnit: []
    Store:
    - battery
    - H2
    Link: []
  powerplants_filter: "(DateOut > 2025 or DateOut != DateOut) and (DateIn < 2026 or DateIn != DateIn)"
  custom_powerplants: false
  everywhere_powerplants: []
  conventional_carriers:
  - nuclear
  - oil
  - OCGT
  - CCGT
  - coal
  - lignite
  - geothermal
  - waste
  - biomass
  renewable_carriers:
  - solar
  - "solar-hsat"
  - onwind
  - "offwind-ac"
  - "offwind-dc"
  - "offwind-float"
  - hydro
  estimate_renewable_capacities:
    enable: true
    from_powerplantmatching: true
    from_irenastat: false
    year: 2024
    expansion_limit: false
    technology_mapping:
      Offshore: "offwind-ac"
      Onshore: onwind
      PV: solar
  estimate_battery_capacities: false
  autarky:
    enable: false
    by_country: false
  transmission_limit: vopt

`atlite`¶

Define and specify the atlite.Cutout used for calculating renewable potentials and time-series. All options except for features are directly used as cutout parameters .

Configuration for atlite settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`default_cutout`	string \| list of string	`europe-2013-sarah3-era5`	Defines a default cutout. Can refer to a single cutout or a list of cutouts.
`nprocesses`	integer	`1`	Number of parallel processes in cutout preparation.
`show_progress`	boolean	`false`	Whether progressbar for atlite conversion processes should be shown. False saves time.
`plot_availability_matrix`	boolean	`false`	Whether to plot the landuse availability matrix.
`cutouts`	dict (str -> any)		Named cutout configurations.

YAML Syntax

atlite:
  default_cutout: "europe-2013-sarah3-era5"
  nprocesses: 1
  show_progress: false
  plot_availability_matrix: false
  cutouts:
    "europe-1940-2024-era5":
      module: era5
      x:
      - -12.0
      - 42.0
      'y':
      - 33.0
      - 72.0
      dx: 0.3
      dy: 0.3
      time:
      - '2013'
      - '2013'
      chunks:
        time: 500
      prepare_kwargs:
        features:
        - temperature
        - height
        - runoff
        sarah_dir:
        monthly_requests: true
        tmpdir: ./cutouts_tmp/

`renewable`¶

`onwind`¶

Configuration for onshore wind.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`cutout`	string \| list of string	`default`	Specifies the weather data cutout file(s) to use.
`resource`	any		Configuration for wind resource settings.
`method`	string	`wind`	A superordinate technology type.
`turbine`	string \| dict (str -> string)		Specifies the turbine type and its characteristic power curve. Can be a string or a dictionary with years as keys which denote the year another turbine model becomes available.
`smooth`	boolean	`false`	Switch to apply a gaussian kernel density smoothing to the power curve.
`add_cutout_windspeed`	boolean	`true`	Whether to add cutout windspeed data.
`resource_classes`	integer	`1`	Number of resource classes per clustered region.
`capacity_per_sqkm`	number	`3`	Allowable density of wind turbine placement.
`correction_factor`	number	`1.0`	Correction factor for capacity factor time series.
`corine`	boolean \| any		CORINE land cover configuration.
`grid_codes`	list of integer		Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for wind turbine placement.
`distance`	number	`1000`	Distance in meters to keep from areas specified in `distance_grid_codes`.
`distance_grid_codes`	list of integer		Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes to which wind turbines must maintain a distance specified in the setting `distance`.
`luisa`	boolean \| object	`false`	LUISA land cover configuration.
`natura`	boolean	`true`	Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if `true`.
`excluder_resolution`	number	`100`	Resolution in meters on which to perform geographical eligibility analysis.
`clip_p_max_pu`	number	`0.01`	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.

Configuration for offshore wind.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`cutout`	string \| list of string	`default`	Specifies the weather data cutout file(s) to use.
`resource`	any		Configuration for wind resource settings.
`method`	string	`wind`	A superordinate technology type.
`turbine`	string \| dict (str -> string)		Specifies the turbine type and its characteristic power curve. Can be a string or a dictionary with years as keys which denote the year another turbine model becomes available.
`smooth`	boolean	`false`	Switch to apply a gaussian kernel density smoothing to the power curve.
`add_cutout_windspeed`	boolean	`true`	Whether to add cutout windspeed data.
`resource_classes`	integer	`1`	Number of resource classes per clustered region.
`capacity_per_sqkm`	number	`2`	Allowable density of wind turbine placement.
`correction_factor`	number	`0.8855`	Correction factor for capacity factor time series.
`corine`	boolean \| list of integer	`false`	Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for AC-connected offshore wind turbine placement.
`luisa`	boolean \| list of integer	`false`	Specifies areas according to the LUISA Base Map codes which are generally eligible for AC-connected offshore wind turbine placement.
`natura`	boolean	`true`	Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if `true`.
`ship_threshold`	number	`400`	Ship density threshold from which areas are excluded.
`max_depth`	number \| null		Maximum sea water depth in meters at which wind turbines can be built. Maritime areas with deeper waters are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
`min_depth`	number \| null		Minimum water depth in meters.
`max_shore_distance`	number \| null		Maximum distance to the shore in meters above which wind turbines cannot be built. Such areas are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
`min_shore_distance`	number \| null		Minimum distance to the shore in meters below which wind turbines cannot be built. Such areas close to the shore are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
`excluder_resolution`	number	`200`	Resolution in meters on which to perform geographical eligibility analysis.
`clip_p_max_pu`	number	`0.01`	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.
`landfall_length`	number \| string	`20`	Fixed length of the cable connection that is onshorelandfall in km. If 'centroid', the length is calculated as the distance to centroid of the onshore bus.

Configuration for offshore wind.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`cutout`	string \| list of string	`default`	Specifies the weather data cutout file(s) to use.
`resource`	any		Configuration for wind resource settings.
`method`	string	`wind`	A superordinate technology type.
`turbine`	string \| dict (str -> string)		Specifies the turbine type and its characteristic power curve. Can be a string or a dictionary with years as keys which denote the year another turbine model becomes available.
`smooth`	boolean	`false`	Switch to apply a gaussian kernel density smoothing to the power curve.
`add_cutout_windspeed`	boolean	`true`	Whether to add cutout windspeed data.
`resource_classes`	integer	`1`	Number of resource classes per clustered region.
`capacity_per_sqkm`	number	`2`	Allowable density of wind turbine placement.
`correction_factor`	number	`0.8855`	Correction factor for capacity factor time series.
`corine`	boolean \| list of integer	`false`	Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for AC-connected offshore wind turbine placement.
`luisa`	boolean \| list of integer	`false`	Specifies areas according to the LUISA Base Map codes which are generally eligible for AC-connected offshore wind turbine placement.
`natura`	boolean	`true`	Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if `true`.
`ship_threshold`	number	`400`	Ship density threshold from which areas are excluded.
`max_depth`	number \| null		Maximum sea water depth in meters at which wind turbines can be built. Maritime areas with deeper waters are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
`min_depth`	number \| null		Minimum water depth in meters.
`max_shore_distance`	number \| null		Maximum distance to the shore in meters above which wind turbines cannot be built. Such areas are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
`min_shore_distance`	number \| null		Minimum distance to the shore in meters below which wind turbines cannot be built. Such areas close to the shore are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
`excluder_resolution`	number	`200`	Resolution in meters on which to perform geographical eligibility analysis.
`clip_p_max_pu`	number	`0.01`	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.
`landfall_length`	number \| string	`20`	Fixed length of the cable connection that is onshorelandfall in km. If 'centroid', the length is calculated as the distance to centroid of the onshore bus.

Configuration for offshore wind.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`cutout`	string \| list of string	`default`	Specifies the weather data cutout file(s) to use.
`resource`	any		Configuration for wind resource settings.
`method`	string	`wind`	A superordinate technology type.
`turbine`	string \| dict (str -> string)		Specifies the turbine type and its characteristic power curve. Can be a string or a dictionary with years as keys which denote the year another turbine model becomes available.
`smooth`	boolean	`false`	Switch to apply a gaussian kernel density smoothing to the power curve.
`add_cutout_windspeed`	boolean	`true`	Whether to add cutout windspeed data.
`resource_classes`	integer	`1`	Number of resource classes per clustered region.
`capacity_per_sqkm`	number	`2`	Allowable density of wind turbine placement.
`correction_factor`	number	`0.8855`	Correction factor for capacity factor time series.
`corine`	boolean \| list of integer	`false`	Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for AC-connected offshore wind turbine placement.
`luisa`	boolean \| list of integer	`false`	Specifies areas according to the LUISA Base Map codes which are generally eligible for AC-connected offshore wind turbine placement.
`natura`	boolean	`true`	Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if `true`.
`ship_threshold`	number	`400`	Ship density threshold from which areas are excluded.
`max_depth`	number \| null		Maximum sea water depth in meters at which wind turbines can be built. Maritime areas with deeper waters are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
`min_depth`	number \| null		Minimum water depth in meters.
`max_shore_distance`	number \| null		Maximum distance to the shore in meters above which wind turbines cannot be built. Such areas are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
`min_shore_distance`	number \| null		Minimum distance to the shore in meters below which wind turbines cannot be built. Such areas close to the shore are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
`excluder_resolution`	number	`200`	Resolution in meters on which to perform geographical eligibility analysis.
`clip_p_max_pu`	number	`0.01`	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.
`landfall_length`	number \| string	`20`	Fixed length of the cable connection that is onshorelandfall in km. If 'centroid', the length is calculated as the distance to centroid of the onshore bus.

Configuration for solar PV.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`cutout`	string \| list of string	`default`	Specifies the weather data cutout file(s) to use.
`resource`	any		Configuration for solar resource settings.
`method`	string	`pv`	A superordinate technology type.
`panel`	string \| dict (str -> string)	`CSi`	Specifies the solar panel technology and its characteristic attributes. Can be a string or a dictionary with years as keys which denote the year another panel model becomes available.
`orientation`	dict (str -> number)		Panel orientation with slope and azimuth.
`tracking`	string \| null		Tracking type (e.g., 'horizontal').
`resource_classes`	integer	`1`	Number of resource classes per clustered region.
`capacity_per_sqkm`	number	`5.1`	Allowable density of solar panel placement.
`correction_factor`	number	`1.0`	A correction factor for the capacity factor (availability) time series.
`corine`	boolean \| list of integer		Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for solar panel placement.
`luisa`	boolean \| list of integer	`false`	Specifies areas according to the LUISA Base Map codes which are generally eligible for solar panel placement.
`natura`	boolean	`true`	Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if `true`.
`excluder_resolution`	number	`100`	Resolution in meters on which to perform geographical eligibility analysis.
`clip_p_max_pu`	number	`0.01`	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.

Configuration for hydropower.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`cutout`	string \| list of string	`default`	Specifies the weather data cutout file(s) to use.
`carriers`	list of string		Specifies the types of hydro power plants to build per-unit availability time series for. 'ror' stands for run-of-river plants, 'PHS' represents pumped-hydro storage, and 'hydro' stands for hydroelectric dams.
`PHS_max_hours`	number	`6`	Maximum state of charge capacity of the pumped-hydro storage (PHS) in terms of hours at full output capacity `p_nom`. Cf. PyPSA documentation .
`hydro_max_hours`	string \| number	`energy_capacity_totals_by_country`	Maximum state of charge capacity of the pumped-hydro storage (PHS) in terms of hours at full output capacity `p_nom` or heuristically determined. Cf. PyPSA documentation .
`flatten_dispatch`	boolean	`false`	Consider an upper limit for the hydro dispatch. The limit is given by the average capacity factor plus the buffer given in `flatten_dispatch_buffer`.
`flatten_dispatch_buffer`	number	`0.2`	If `flatten_dispatch` is true, specify the value added above the average capacity factor.
`clip_min_inflow`	number	`1.0`	To avoid too small values in the inflow time series, values below this threshold (MW) are set to zero.
`eia_norm_year`	boolean \| integer	`false`	To specify a specific year by which hydro inflow is normed that deviates from the snapshots' year.
`eia_correct_by_capacity`	boolean	`false`	Correct EIA annual hydro generation data by installed capacity.
`eia_approximate_missing`	boolean	`false`	Approximate hydro generation data for years not included in EIA dataset through a regression based on annual runoff.

YAML Syntax

renewable:
  onwind:
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: Vestas_V112_3MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 3
    correction_factor: 1.0
    corine:
      grid_codes:
      - 12
      - 13
      - 14
      - 15
      - 16
      - 17
      - 18
      - 19
      - 20
      - 21
      - 22
      - 23
      - 24
      - 25
      - 26
      - 27
      - 28
      - 29
      - 31
      - 32
      distance: 1000.0
      distance_grid_codes:
      - 1
      - 2
      - 3
      - 4
      - 5
      - 6
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
  "offwind-ac":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_2020ATB_5.5MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    corine: false
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    max_depth: 60.0
    min_depth:
    max_shore_distance: 30000.0
    min_shore_distance:
    excluder_resolution: 200
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
    landfall_length: 20.0
  "offwind-dc":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_2020ATB_5.5MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    corine: false
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    max_depth: 60.0
    min_depth:
    max_shore_distance:
    min_shore_distance: 30000.0
    excluder_resolution: 200
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
    landfall_length: 30.0
  "offwind-float":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_5MW_offshore
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    corine: false
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    max_depth: 1000.0
    min_depth: 60.0
    max_shore_distance:
    min_shore_distance:
    excluder_resolution: 200
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
    landfall_length: 40.0
  solar:
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: pv
      panel: CSi
      orientation:
        slope: 35.0
        azimuth: 180.0
      tracking:
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 5.1
    correction_factor: 1.0
    corine:
    - 1
    - 2
    - 3
    - 4
    - 5
    - 6
    - 7
    - 8
    - 9
    - 10
    - 11
    - 12
    - 13
    - 14
    - 15
    - 16
    - 17
    - 18
    - 19
    - 20
    - 26
    - 31
    - 32
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
  "solar-hsat":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: pv
      panel: CSi
      orientation:
        slope: 35.0
        azimuth: 180.0
      tracking: horizontal
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 4.43
    correction_factor: 1.0
    corine:
    - 1
    - 2
    - 3
    - 4
    - 5
    - 6
    - 7
    - 8
    - 9
    - 10
    - 11
    - 12
    - 13
    - 14
    - 15
    - 16
    - 17
    - 18
    - 19
    - 20
    - 26
    - 31
    - 32
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
  hydro:
    cutout: default
    carriers:
    - ror
    - PHS
    - hydro
    PHS_max_hours: 6
    hydro_max_hours: energy_capacity_totals_by_country
    flatten_dispatch: false
    flatten_dispatch_buffer: 0.2
    clip_min_inflow: 1.0
    eia_norm_year: false
    eia_correct_by_capacity: false
    eia_approximate_missing: false

YAML Syntax

  "offwind-ac":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_2020ATB_5.5MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    corine: false
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    max_depth: 60.0
    min_depth:
    max_shore_distance: 30000.0
    min_shore_distance:
    excluder_resolution: 200
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
    landfall_length: 20.0

YAML Syntax

  solar:
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: pv
      panel: CSi
      orientation:
        slope: 35.0
        azimuth: 180.0
      tracking:
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 5.1
    correction_factor: 1.0
    corine:
    - 1
    - 2
    - 3
    - 4
    - 5
    - 6
    - 7
    - 8
    - 9
    - 10
    - 11
    - 12
    - 13
    - 14
    - 15
    - 16
    - 17
    - 18
    - 19
    - 20
    - 26
    - 31
    - 32
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01

YAML Syntax

  hydro:
    cutout: default
    carriers:
    - ror
    - PHS
    - hydro
    PHS_max_hours: 6
    hydro_max_hours: energy_capacity_totals_by_country
    flatten_dispatch: false
    flatten_dispatch_buffer: 0.2
    clip_min_inflow: 1.0
    eia_norm_year: false
    eia_correct_by_capacity: false
    eia_approximate_missing: false

conventional:

Note

Notes on capacity_per_sqkm. ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 10MW/km^2 and assuming 30% fraction of the already restricted area is available for installation of wind generators due to competing land use and likely public acceptance issues.

Note

The default choice for corine grid_codes was based on Scholz, Y. (2012). Renewable energy based electricity supply at low costs development of the REMix model and application for Europe. ( p.42 / p.28)

offwind-x

Note

Notes on capacity_per_sqkm. ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 10MW/km^2 and assuming 20% fraction of the already restricted area is available for installation of wind generators due to competing land use and likely public acceptance issues.

Note

Notes on correction_factor. Correction due to proxy for wake losses from 10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.153 until done more rigorously in #153

solar

Note

Notes on capacity_per_sqkm. ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 170 MW/km^2 and assuming 1% of the area can be used for solar PV panels. Correction factor determined by comparing uncorrected area-weighted full-load hours to those published in Supplementary Data to Pietzcker, Robert Carl, et al. "Using the sun to decarbonize the power sector -- The economic potential of photovoltaics and concentrating solar power." Applied Energy 135 (2014): 704-720. This correction factor of 0.854337 may be in order if using reanalysis data. for discussion refer to this

hydro

`conventional`¶

Define additional generator attribute for conventional carrier types. If a scalar value is given it is applied to all generators. However if a string starting with "data/" is given, the value is interpreted as a path to a csv file with country specific values. Then, the values are read in and applied to all generators of the given carrier in the given country. Note that the value(s) overwrite the existing values.

Configuration for conventional settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`unit_commitment`	boolean	`false`	Allow the overwrite of ramp_limit_up, ramp_limit_start_up, ramp_limit_shut_down, p_min_pu, min_up_time, min_down_time, and start_up_cost of conventional generators. Refer to the CSV file 'unit_commitment.csv'.
`dynamic_fuel_price`	boolean	`false`	Consider the monthly fluctuating fuel prices for each conventional generator. Refer to the CSV file 'data/validation/monthly_fuel_price.csv'.
`fuel_price_rolling_window`	integer	`6`	Monthly rolling mean window for fossil fuel prices smoothing.
`nuclear`	dict (str -> string \| number)		For any carrier/technology overwrite attributes as listed below.

YAML Syntax

conventional:
  unit_commitment: false
  dynamic_fuel_price: false
  fuel_price_rolling_window: 6
  nuclear:
    p_max_pu: data/nuclear_p_max_pu.csv

`lines`¶

Configuration for lines settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`types`	dict (str -> string)		Specifies line types to assume for the different voltage levels of the ENTSO-E grid extraction. Should normally handle voltage levels 220, 300, and 380 kV.
`s_max_pu`	number	`0.7`	Correction factor for line capacities (`s_nom`) to approximate N-1 security and reserve capacity for reactive power flows.
`s_nom_max`	number		Global upper limit for the maximum capacity of each extendable line (MW).
`max_extension`	number	`20000`	Upper limit for the extended capacity of each extendable line (MW).
`length_factor`	number	`1.25`	Correction factor to account for the fact that buses are not connected by lines through air-line distance.
`reconnect_crimea`	boolean	`true`	Whether to reconnect Crimea to the Ukrainian grid.
`under_construction`	enum (`zero`, `remove`, `keep`)	`keep`	Specifies how to handle lines which are currently under construction.
`dynamic_line_rating`	any		Configuration for `lines.dynamic_line_rating` settings.
`activate`	boolean	`false`	Whether to take dynamic line rating into account.
`cutout`	string \| list of string	`default`	Specifies the weather data cutout file(s) to use.
`correction_factor`	number	`0.95`	Factor to compensate for overestimation of wind speeds in hourly averaged wind data.
`max_voltage_difference`	number \| `False`	`false`	Maximum voltage angle difference in degrees or 'false' to disable.
`max_line_rating`	number \| `False`	`false`	Maximum line rating relative to nominal capacity without DLR, e.g. 1.3 or 'false' to disable.

YAML Syntax

lines:
  types:
    63.0: "94-AL1/15-ST1A 20.0"
    66.0: "94-AL1/15-ST1A 20.0"
    90.0: "184-AL1/30-ST1A 110.0"
    110.0: "184-AL1/30-ST1A 110.0"
    132.0: "243-AL1/39-ST1A 110.0"
    150.0: "243-AL1/39-ST1A 110.0"
    220.0: "Al/St 240/40 2-bundle 220.0"
    300.0: "Al/St 240/40 3-bundle 300.0"
    330.0: "Al/St 240/40 3-bundle 300.0"
    380.0: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
    400.0: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
    500.0: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
    750.0: "Al/St 560/50 4-bundle 750.0"
  s_max_pu: 0.7
  s_nom_max: .inf
  max_extension: 20000
  length_factor: 1.25
  reconnect_crimea: true
  under_construction: keep
  dynamic_line_rating:
    activate: false
    cutout: default
    correction_factor: 0.95
    max_voltage_difference: false
    max_line_rating: false

`links`¶

Configuration for links settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`p_max_pu`	number	`1.0`	Correction factor for link capacities `p_nom`.
`p_min_pu`	number	`-1.0`	Correction factor for link capacities `p_nom`.
`p_nom_max`	number		Global upper limit for the maximum capacity of each extendable DC link (MW).
`max_extension`	number	`30000`	Upper limit for the extended capacity of each extendable DC link (MW).
`length_factor`	number	`1.25`	Correction factor to account for the fact that buses are not connected by links through air-line distance.
`under_construction`	enum (`zero`, `remove`, `keep`)	`keep`	Specifies how to handle lines which are currently under construction.

YAML Syntax

links:
  p_max_pu: 1.0
  p_min_pu: -1.0
  p_nom_max: .inf
  max_extension: 30000
  length_factor: 1.25
  under_construction: keep

`transmission_projects`¶

Allows to define additional transmission projects that will be added to the base network, e.g., from the TYNDP 2020 dataset. The projects are read in from the CSV files in the subfolder of data/transmission_projects/. New transmission projects, e.g. from TYNDP 2024, can be added in a new subfolder of transmission projects, e.g. data/transmission_projects/tyndp2024 while extending the list of transmission_projects in the config.yaml by tyndp2024. The CSV files in the project folder should have the same columns as the CSV files in the template folder data/transmission_projects/template.

Configuration for transmission_projects settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`enable`	boolean	`true`	Whether to integrate this transmission projects or not.
`include`	any		Configuration for `transmission_projects.include` settings.
`tyndp2020`	boolean	`true`	Whether to integrate the TYNDP 2020 dataset.
`nep`	boolean	`true`	Whether to integrate the German network development plan dataset.
`manual`	boolean	`true`	Whether to integrate the manually added transmission projects. They are taken from the previously existing links_tyndp.csv file.
`skip`	list of string		Type of lines to skip from all transmission projects. Possible values are: `upgraded_lines`, `upgraded_links`, `new_lines`, `new_links`.
`status`	list of string \| dict (str -> list of string)		Status to include into the model as list or as dict with name of project and status to include. Possible values for status are `under_construction`, `in_permitting`, `confirmed`, `planned_not_yet_permitted`, `under_consideration`.
`new_link_capacity`	enum (`zero`, `keep`)	`zero`	Whether to set the new link capacity to the provided capacity or set it to zero.

YAML Syntax

transmission_projects:
  enable: true
  include:
    tyndp2020: true
    nep: true
    manual: true
  skip:
  - upgraded_lines
  - upgraded_links
  status:
  - under_construction
  - in_permitting
  - confirmed
  new_link_capacity: zero

`transformers`¶

Configuration for transformers settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`x`	number	`0.1`	Series reactance in per unit (p.u.), using `s_nom` as base power of the transformer. Overwritten if `type` is specified.
`s_nom`	number	`2000.0`	Limit of apparent power which can pass through branch (MVA). Overwritten if `type` is specified.
`type`	string	`""`	Specifies transformer types to assume for the transformers of the ENTSO-E grid extraction.

YAML Syntax

transformers:
  x: 0.1
  s_nom: 2000.0
  type: ""

`load`¶

Configuration for load settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`fill_gaps`	any		Configuration for `load.fill_gaps` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`true`	Whether to fill gaps using interpolation for small gaps and time shift for large gaps.
`interpolate_limit`	integer	`6`	Maximum gap size (consecutive nans) which interpolated linearly.
`time_shift_for_large_gaps`	string	`1w`	Periods which are used for copying time-slices in order to fill large gaps of nans. Have to be valid `pandas` period strings.
`manual_adjustments`	boolean	`true`	Whether to adjust the load data manually according to the function in `manual_adjustment`.
`scaling_factor`	number	`1.0`	Global correction factor for the load time series.
`fixed_year`	integer \| boolean	`false`	To specify a fixed year for the load time series that deviates from the snapshots' year.
`supplement_synthetic`	boolean	`true`	Whether to supplement missing data for selected time period should be supplemented by synthetic data from Zenodo .
`substation_only`	boolean	`true`	Whether to only consider substations for the spatial disaggregation of the per-country electricity demand data.
`distribution_key`	any		Configuration for `load.distribution_key` settings.
`gdp`	number	`0.6`	Weighting factor for the GDP data in the distribution key.
`population`	number	`0.4`	Weighting factor for the population data in the distribution key.

YAML Syntax

    epsilon_load: 0.02
    epsilon_vres: 0.02
    contingency: 4000
  max_hours:
    battery: 6
    "li-ion": 6
    lfp: 6
    vanadium: 10
    lair: 12
    pair: 24
    "iron-air": 100
    H2: 168
  extendable_carriers:
    Generator:
    - solar
    - "solar-hsat"
    - onwind
    - "offwind-ac"
    - "offwind-dc"
    - "offwind-float"
    - OCGT
    - CCGT
    StorageUnit: []
    Store:
    - battery
    - H2
    Link: []
  powerplants_filter: "(DateOut > 2025 or DateOut != DateOut) and (DateIn < 2026 or DateIn != DateIn)"
  custom_powerplants: false
  everywhere_powerplants: []
  conventional_carriers:
  - nuclear
  - oil
  - OCGT
  - CCGT
  - coal
  - lignite
  - geothermal
  - waste
  - biomass
  renewable_carriers:
  - solar
  - "solar-hsat"
  - onwind
  - "offwind-ac"
  - "offwind-dc"
  - "offwind-float"
  - hydro
  estimate_renewable_capacities:
    enable: true
    from_powerplantmatching: true
    from_irenastat: false
    year: 2024
    expansion_limit: false
    technology_mapping:
      Offshore: "offwind-ac"
      Onshore: onwind
      PV: solar
  estimate_battery_capacities: false
  autarky:
    enable: false
    by_country: false
  transmission_limit: vopt

atlite:
  default_cutout: "europe-2013-sarah3-era5"
  nprocesses: 1
  show_progress: false
  plot_availability_matrix: false
  cutouts:
    "europe-1940-2024-era5":
      module: era5
      x:
      - -12.0
      - 42.0
      'y':
      - 33.0
      - 72.0
      dx: 0.3
      dy: 0.3
      time:
      - '2013'
      - '2013'
      chunks:
        time: 500
      prepare_kwargs:
        features:
        - temperature
        - height
        - runoff
        sarah_dir:
        monthly_requests: true
        tmpdir: ./cutouts_tmp/

renewable:
  onwind:
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: Vestas_V112_3MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 3
    correction_factor: 1.0
    corine:
      grid_codes:
      - 12
      - 13
      - 14
      - 15
      - 16
      - 17
      - 18
      - 19
      - 20
      - 21
      - 22
      - 23
      - 24
      - 25
      - 26
      - 27
      - 28
      - 29
      - 31
      - 32
      distance: 1000.0
      distance_grid_codes:
      - 1
      - 2
      - 3
      - 4
      - 5
      - 6
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
  "offwind-ac":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_2020ATB_5.5MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    corine: false
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    max_depth: 60.0
    min_depth:
    max_shore_distance: 30000.0
    min_shore_distance:
    excluder_resolution: 200
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
    landfall_length: 20.0
  "offwind-dc":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_2020ATB_5.5MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    corine: false
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    max_depth: 60.0
    min_depth:
    max_shore_distance:
    min_shore_distance: 30000.0
    excluder_resolution: 200
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
    landfall_length: 30.0
  "offwind-float":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_5MW_offshore
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    corine: false
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    max_depth: 1000.0
    min_depth: 60.0
    max_shore_distance:
    min_shore_distance:
    excluder_resolution: 200
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
    landfall_length: 40.0
  solar:
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: pv
      panel: CSi
      orientation:
        slope: 35.0
        azimuth: 180.0
      tracking:
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 5.1
    correction_factor: 1.0
    corine:
    - 1
    - 2
    - 3
    - 4
    - 5
    - 6
    - 7
    - 8
    - 9
    - 10
    - 11
    - 12
    - 13
    - 14
    - 15
    - 16
    - 17
    - 18
    - 19
    - 20
    - 26
    - 31
    - 32
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
  "solar-hsat":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: pv
      panel: CSi
      orientation:
        slope: 35.0
        azimuth: 180.0
      tracking: horizontal
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 4.43
    correction_factor: 1.0
    corine:
    - 1
    - 2
    - 3
    - 4
    - 5
    - 6
    - 7
    - 8
    - 9
    - 10
    - 11
    - 12
    - 13
    - 14
    - 15
    - 16
    - 17
    - 18
    - 19
    - 20
    - 26
    - 31
    - 32
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
  hydro:
    cutout: default
    carriers:
    - ror
    - PHS
    - hydro
    PHS_max_hours: 6
    hydro_max_hours: energy_capacity_totals_by_country
    flatten_dispatch: false
    flatten_dispatch_buffer: 0.2
    clip_min_inflow: 1.0
    eia_norm_year: false
    eia_correct_by_capacity: false
    eia_approximate_missing: false

conventional:
  unit_commitment: false
  dynamic_fuel_price: false
  fuel_price_rolling_window: 6
  nuclear:
    p_max_pu: data/nuclear_p_max_pu.csv

lines:
  types:
    63.0: "94-AL1/15-ST1A 20.0"
    66.0: "94-AL1/15-ST1A 20.0"
    90.0: "184-AL1/30-ST1A 110.0"
    110.0: "184-AL1/30-ST1A 110.0"
    132.0: "243-AL1/39-ST1A 110.0"
    150.0: "243-AL1/39-ST1A 110.0"
    220.0: "Al/St 240/40 2-bundle 220.0"
    300.0: "Al/St 240/40 3-bundle 300.0"
    330.0: "Al/St 240/40 3-bundle 300.0"
    380.0: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
    400.0: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
    500.0: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
    750.0: "Al/St 560/50 4-bundle 750.0"
  s_max_pu: 0.7
  s_nom_max: .inf
  max_extension: 20000
  length_factor: 1.25
  reconnect_crimea: true
  under_construction: keep
  dynamic_line_rating:
    activate: false
    cutout: default
    correction_factor: 0.95
    max_voltage_difference: false
    max_line_rating: false

links:
  p_max_pu: 1.0
  p_min_pu: -1.0
  p_nom_max: .inf
  max_extension: 30000
  length_factor: 1.25
  under_construction: keep

transmission_projects:
  enable: true
  include:
    tyndp2020: true
    nep: true
    manual: true
  skip:
  - upgraded_lines
  - upgraded_links
  status:
  - under_construction
  - in_permitting
  - confirmed
  new_link_capacity: zero

transformers:
  x: 0.1
  s_nom: 2000.0
  type: ""

load:
  fill_gaps:
    enable: true
    interpolate_limit: 6
    time_shift_for_large_gaps: 1w
  manual_adjustments: true
  scaling_factor: 1.0
  fixed_year: false
  supplement_synthetic: true
  substation_only: true
  distribution_key:
    gdp: 0.6
    population: 0.4

`energy`¶

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

Configuration for energy settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`energy_totals_year`	integer	`2023`	The year for the sector energy use. The year must be available in the Eurostat report.
`base_emissions_year`	integer	`1990`	The base year for the sector emissions. See European Environment Agency (EEA) .
`emissions`	string	`CO2`	Specify which sectoral emissions are taken into account. Data derived from EEA. Currently only CO2 is implemented.

YAML Syntax

energy:
  energy_totals_year: 2023
  base_emissions_year: 1990
  emissions: CO2

Note

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

.. jsonschema:: ../config/schema.default.json#/$defs/EnergyConfig :lift_description: :hide_key: /**/additionalProperties

YAML Syntax

.. literalinclude:: ../config/config.default.yaml :language: yaml :start-at: energy: :end-before: # docs

`biomass`¶

Manure solid, liquid
Residues from landscape care
Bioethanol barley, wheat, grain maize, oats, other cereals and rye
Sugar from sugar beet
Miscanthus, switchgrass, RCG
Willow
Poplar
Sunflower, soya seed
Rape seed
Fuelwood residues
FuelwoodRW
C&P_RW
Secondary Forestry residues - woodchips
Sawdust
Municipal waste
Sludge

Configuration for biomass settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`year`	integer	`2030`	Year for which to retrieve biomass potential according to the assumptions of the JRC ENSPRESO .
`scenario`	enum (`ENS_Low`, `ENS_Med`, `ENS_High`)	`ENS_Med`	Scenario for which to retrieve biomass potential. The scenario definition can be seen in ENSPRESO_BIOMASS .
`classes`	any		Configuration for `biomass.classes` settings.
`solid biomass`	list of string		The comodity that are included as solid biomass.
`not included`	list of string		The comodity that are not included as a biomass potential.
`biogas`	list of string		The comodity that are included as biogas.
`municipal solid waste`	list of string		The commodities that are included as municipal solid waste.
`share_unsustainable_use_retained`	dict (str -> number)		Share of unsustainable biomass use retained using primary production of Eurostat data as reference.
`share_sustainable_potential_available`	dict (str -> number)		Share determines phase-in of ENSPRESO biomass potentials.

YAML Syntax

biomass:
  year: 2030
  scenario: ENS_Med
  classes:
    solid biomass:
    - Agricultural waste
    - Fuelwood residues
    - "Secondary Forestry residues - woodchips"
    - Sawdust
    - Residues from landscape care
    not included:
    - Sugar from sugar beet
    - Rape seed
    - 'Sunflower, soya seed '
    - Bioethanol barley, wheat, grain maize, oats, other cereals and rye
    - Miscanthus, switchgrass, RCG
    - Willow
    - Poplar
    - FuelwoodRW
    - "C&P_RW"
    biogas:
    - Manure solid, liquid
    - Sludge
    municipal solid waste:
    - Municipal waste
  share_unsustainable_use_retained:
    2020: 1
    2025: 1
    2030: 0.66
    2035: 0.33
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  share_sustainable_potential_available:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0.33
    2035: 0.66
    2040: 1
    2045: 1
    2050: 1

Note

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

.. jsonschema:: ../config/schema.default.json#/$defs/BiomassConfig :lift_description: :hide_key: /**/additionalProperties

YAML Syntax

.. literalinclude:: ../config/config.default.yaml :language: yaml :start-at: biomass: :end-before: # docs

The list of available biomass is given by the category in ENSPRESO_BIOMASS , namely:

Agricultural waste

`solar_thermal`¶

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

Configuration for solar_thermal settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`clearsky_model`	enum (`simple`, `enhanced`)	`simple`	Type of clearsky model for diffuse irradiation.
`orientation`	any		Configuration for `solar_thermal.orientation` settings.
`slope`	number	`45.0`	The angle between the ground and the panels.
`azimuth`	number	`180.0`	The angle between the North and the sun with panels on the local horizon.
`cutout`	string	`default`	Name of the cutout to use for solar thermal calculations.

YAML Syntax

solar_thermal:
  clearsky_model: simple
  orientation:
    slope: 45.0
    azimuth: 180.0
  cutout: default

Note

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

.. jsonschema:: ../config/schema.default.json#/$defs/SolarThermalConfig :lift_description: :hide_key: /**/additionalProperties

YAML Syntax

.. literalinclude:: ../config/config.default.yaml :language: yaml :start-at: solar_thermal: :end-before: # docs

`existing_capacities`¶

Only used for sector-coupling studies. The value for grouping years are only used in myopic or perfect foresight scenarios.

Configuration for existing_capacities settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`grouping_years_power`	list of integer		Intervals to group existing capacities for power.
`grouping_years_heat`	list of integer		Intervals to group existing capacities for heat.
`threshold_capacity`	number	`10`	Capacities (MW) of generators and links below threshold are removed during add_existing_capacities.
`default_heating_lifetime`	integer	`20`	Default lifetime for heating technologies (years).
`solar_rooftop_ratio`	number	`0.5`	Ratio of existing solar capacity to assign to rooftop vs utility-scale (between 0 and 1).
`conventional_carriers`	list of string		List of conventional power plants to include in the sectoral network.

YAML Syntax

existing_capacities:
  grouping_years_power:
  - 1900
  - 1950
  - 1955
  - 1960
  - 1965
  - 1970
  - 1975
  - 1980
  - 1985
  - 1990
  - 1995
  - 2000
  - 2005
  - 2010
  - 2015
  - 2020
  - 2025
  - 2030
  grouping_years_heat:
  - 1980
  - 1985
  - 1990
  - 1995
  - 2000
  - 2005
  - 2010
  - 2015
  - 2019
  threshold_capacity: 10
  default_heating_lifetime: 20
  solar_rooftop_ratio: 0.5
  conventional_carriers:
  - lignite
  - coal
  - oil
  - uranium

Note

Only used for sector-coupling studies. The value for grouping years are only used in myopic or perfect foresight scenarios.

.. jsonschema:: ../config/schema.default.json#/$defs/ExistingCapacitiesConfig :lift_description: :hide_key: /**/additionalProperties

YAML Syntax

.. literalinclude:: ../config/config.default.yaml :language: yaml :start-at: existing_capacities: :end-before: # docs

`sector`¶

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

Details

Configuration for sector settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`transport`	boolean	`true`	Flag to include transport sector.
`heating`	boolean	`true`	Flag to include heating sector.
`biomass`	boolean	`true`	Flag to include biomass sector.
`industry`	boolean	`true`	Flag to include industry sector.
`shipping`	boolean	`true`	Flag to include shipping sector.
`aviation`	boolean	`true`	Flag to include aviation sector.
`agriculture`	boolean	`true`	Flag to include agriculture sector.
`fossil_fuels`	boolean	`true`	Flag to include imports of fossil fuels.
`district_heating`	any		Configuration for `sector.district_heating` settings.
`potential`	number \| dict (str -> number)	`0.6`	Maximum fraction of urban demand which can be supplied by district heating. If given as dictionary, specify one value per country modeled or provide a default value with key `default` to fill values for all unspecified countries.
`progress`	dict (str -> number)		Increase of today's district heating demand to potential maximum district heating share. Progress = 0 means today's district heating share. Progress = 1 means maximum fraction of urban demand is supplied by district heating.
`district_heating_loss`	number	`0.15`	Share increase in district heat demand in urban central due to heat losses.
`supply_temperature_approximation`	object		Supply temperature approximation settings.
`ptes`	object		Pit thermal energy storage settings.
`ates`	object		Aquifer thermal energy storage settings.
`heat_source_cooling`	number	`6`	Cooling of heat source for heat pumps.
`heat_pump_cop_approximation`	object		Heat pump COP approximation settings.
`limited_heat_sources`	object		Dictionary with names of limited heat sources (not air). Must be `river_water` / `geothermal` or another heat source in Manz et al. 2024 .
`direct_utilisation_heat_sources`	list of string		List of heat sources for direct heat utilisation in district heating. Must be in the keys of `heat_utilisation_potentials` (e.g. `geothermal`).
`temperature_limited_stores`	list of string		List of names for stores used as limited heat sources.
`dh_areas`	object		District heating areas settings.
`heat_pump_sources`	dict (str -> list of string)		Heat pump sources by area.
`residential_heat`	any		Configuration for `sector.residential_heat` settings.
`dsm`	any		Configuration for `sector.residential_heat.dsm` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`false`	Enable residential heat demand-side management that allows heating systems to provide flexibility by shifting demand within configurable time periods. Models building thermal mass as energy storage.
`direction`	list of string		'overheat-undercool' means both pre-heating and delayed heating are allowed. 'overheat' allows only pre-heating where buildings are heated up above target temperature and then allowed to cool down, while 'undercool' allows only delayed heating where buildings can cool below target temperature and then be heated up again.
`restriction_value`	dict (str -> number)		Maximum state of charge (as fraction) for heat flexibility storage representing available thermal buffer capacity in buildings. Set to 0 for no flexibility or to 1.0 to assume that the entire heating demand can contribute to flexibility.
`restriction_time`	list of integer		Checkpoint hours (0-23) at which heat flexibility storage must return to baseline state of charge, i.e. the residence surplus or missing heat be balanced. Time is the local time for each country and bus. Default: [10, 22] creates 12-hour periods with checkpoints at 10am and 10pm.
`cluster_heat_buses`	boolean	`true`	Cluster residential and service heat buses in prepare_sector_network.py to one to save memory.
`heat_demand_cutout`	string	`default`	Heat demand cutout.
`bev_dsm_restriction_value`	number	`0.8`	Adds a lower state of charge (SOC) limit for battery electric vehicles (BEV) to manage its own energy demand (DSM). Located in build_transport_demand.py . Set to 0 for no restriction on BEV DSM.
`bev_dsm_restriction_time`	number	`7`	Time at which SOC of BEV has to be dsm_restriction_value.
`transport_heating_deadband_upper`	number	`20.0`	The maximum temperature in the vehicle. At higher temperatures, the energy required for cooling in the vehicle increases.
`transport_heating_deadband_lower`	number	`15.0`	The minimum temperature in the vehicle. At lower temperatures, the energy required for heating in the vehicle increases.
`ICE_lower_degree_factor`	number	`0.375`	Share increase in energy demand in internal combustion engine (ICE) for each degree difference between the cold environment and the minimum temperature.
`ICE_upper_degree_factor`	number	`1.6`	Share increase in energy demand in internal combustion engine (ICE) for each degree difference between the hot environment and the maximum temperature.
`EV_lower_degree_factor`	number	`0.98`	Share increase in energy demand in electric vehicles (EV) for each degree difference between the cold environment and the minimum temperature.
`EV_upper_degree_factor`	number	`0.63`	Share increase in energy demand in electric vehicles (EV) for each degree difference between the hot environment and the maximum temperature.
`bev_dsm`	boolean	`true`	Add the option for battery electric vehicles (BEV) to participate in demand-side management (DSM).
`bev_dsm_availability`	number	`0.5`	The share for battery electric vehicles (BEV) that are able to do demand side management (DSM).
`bev_energy`	number	`0.05`	The average size of battery electric vehicles (BEV) in MWh.
`bev_charge_efficiency`	number	`0.9`	Battery electric vehicles (BEV) charge and discharge efficiency.
`bev_charge_rate`	number	`0.011`	The power consumption for one electric vehicle (EV) in MWh. Value derived from 3-phase charger with 11 kW.
`bev_avail_max`	number	`0.95`	The maximum share plugged-in availability for passenger electric vehicles.
`bev_avail_mean`	number	`0.8`	The average share plugged-in availability for passenger electric vehicles.
`v2g`	boolean	`true`	Allows feed-in to grid from EV battery. This is only enabled if BEV demand-side management is enabled, and the share of vehicles participating is V2G is given by `bev_dsm_availability`.
`land_transport_fuel_cell_share`	dict (str -> number)		The share of vehicles that uses fuel cells in a given year.
`land_transport_electric_share`	dict (str -> number)		The share of vehicles that uses electric vehicles (EV) in a given year.
`land_transport_ice_share`	dict (str -> number)		The share of vehicles that uses internal combustion engines (ICE) in a given year. What is not EV or FCEV is oil-fuelled ICE.
`transport_electric_efficiency`	number	`53.19`	The conversion efficiencies of electric vehicles in transport.
`transport_fuel_cell_efficiency`	number	`30.003`	The H2 conversion efficiencies of fuel cells in transport.
`transport_ice_efficiency`	number	`16.0712`	The oil conversion efficiencies of internal combustion engine (ICE) in transport.
`agriculture_machinery_electric_share`	number	`0.5`	The share for agricultural machinery that uses electricity.
`agriculture_machinery_oil_share`	number	`0.5`	The share for agricultural machinery that uses oil.
`agriculture_machinery_fuel_efficiency`	number	`0.7`	The efficiency of electric-powered machinery in the conversion of electricity to meet agricultural needs.
`agriculture_machinery_electric_efficiency`	number	`0.3`	The efficiency of oil-powered machinery in the conversion of oil to meet agricultural needs.
`shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction`	boolean	`false`	Whether to include liquefaction costs for hydrogen demand in shipping.
`shipping_hydrogen_share`	dict (str -> number)		The share of ships powered by hydrogen in a given year.
`shipping_methanol_share`	dict (str -> number)		The share of ships powered by methanol in a given year.
`shipping_oil_share`	dict (str -> number)		The share of ships powered by oil in a given year.
`shipping_methanol_efficiency`	number	`0.46`	The efficiency of methanol-powered ships in the conversion of methanol to meet shipping needs (propulsion). The efficiency increase from oil can be 10-15% higher according to the IEA .
`shipping_oil_efficiency`	number	`0.4`	The efficiency of oil-powered ships in the conversion of oil to meet shipping needs (propulsion). Base value derived from 2011.
`aviation_demand_factor`	number	`1.0`	The proportion of demand for aviation compared to today's consumption.
`HVC_demand_factor`	number	`1.0`	The proportion of demand for high-value chemicals compared to today's consumption.
`time_dep_hp_cop`	boolean	`true`	Consider the time dependent coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump.
`heat_pump_sink_T_individual_heating`	number	`55.0`	The temperature heat sink used in heat pumps based on DTU / large area radiators. The value is conservatively high to cover hot water and space heating in poorly-insulated buildings.
`reduce_space_heat_exogenously`	boolean	`true`	Influence on space heating demand by a certain factor (applied before losses in district heating).
`reduce_space_heat_exogenously_factor`	dict (str -> number)		A positive factor can mean renovation or demolition of a building. If the factor is negative, it can mean an increase in floor area, increased thermal comfort, population growth. The default factors are determined by the Eurocalc Homes and buildings decarbonization scenario .
`retrofitting`	any		Configuration for `sector.retrofitting` settings.
`retro_endogen`	boolean	`false`	Add retrofitting as an endogenous system which co-optimise space heat savings.
`cost_factor`	number	`1.0`	Weight costs for building renovation.
`interest_rate`	number	`0.04`	The interest rate for investment in building components.
`annualise_cost`	boolean	`true`	Annualise the investment costs of retrofitting.
`tax_weighting`	boolean	`false`	Weight the costs of retrofitting depending on taxes in countries.
`construction_index`	boolean	`true`	Weight the costs of retrofitting depending on labour/material costs per country.
`tes`	boolean	`true`	Add option for storing thermal energy in large water pits associated with district heating systems and individual thermal energy storage (TES).
`boilers`	boolean	`true`	Add option for transforming gas into heat using gas boilers.
`resistive_heaters`	boolean	`true`	Add option for transforming electricity into heat using resistive heaters (independently from gas boilers).
`oil_boilers`	boolean	`false`	Add option for transforming oil into heat using boilers.
`biomass_boiler`	boolean	`true`	Add option for transforming biomass into heat using boilers.
`overdimension_heat_generators`	dict (str -> number)		Add option for overdimensioning heating systems by a certain factor. This allows them to cover heat demand peaks e.g. 10% higher than those in the data with a setting of 1.1.
`chp`	any		Configuration for `sector.chp` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`true`	Add option for using Combined Heat and Power (CHP).
`fuel`	list of string		Possible options are all fuels which have an existing bus and their CO2 intensity is given in the technology data. Currently possible are "gas", "oil", "methanol", "lignite", "coal" as well as "solid biomass". For all fuels except solid biomass, the techno-economic data from gas CHP is used. For the special case of solid biomass fuel, both CHP plants with and without carbon capture are added.
`micro_chp`	boolean	`false`	Add option for using gas-fired Combined Heat and Power (CHP) for decentral areas.
`solar_thermal`	boolean	`true`	Add option for using solar thermal to generate heat.
`solar_cf_correction`	number	`0.788457`	The correction factor for the value provided by the solar thermal profile calculations.
`methanation`	boolean	`true`	Add option for transforming hydrogen and CO2 into methane using methanation.
`coal_cc`	boolean	`false`	Add option for coal CHPs with carbon capture.
`dac`	boolean	`true`	Add option for Direct Air Capture (DAC).
`co2_vent`	boolean	`false`	Add option for vent out CO2 from storages to the atmosphere.
`heat_vent`	dict (str -> boolean)		Heat venting by area.
`marginal_cost_heat_vent`	number	`0.02`	The marginal cost of heat-venting in all heating systems.
`allam_cycle_gas`	boolean	`false`	Add option to include Allam cycle gas power plants .
`hydrogen_fuel_cell`	boolean	`true`	Add option to include hydrogen fuel cell for re-electrification. Assuming OCGT technology costs.
`hydrogen_turbine`	boolean	`true`	Add option to include hydrogen turbine for re-electrification. Assuming OCGT technology costs.
`SMR`	boolean	`true`	Add option for transforming natural gas into hydrogen and CO2 using Steam Methane Reforming (SMR).
`SMR_cc`	boolean	`true`	Add option for transforming natural gas into hydrogen and CO2 using Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) and Carbon Capture (CC).
`regional_oil_demand`	boolean	`true`	Spatially resolve oil demand. Set to true if regional CO2 constraints needed.
`regional_coal_demand`	boolean	`false`	Regional coal demand.
`regional_co2_sequestration_potential`	object		Add option for regionally-resolved geological carbon dioxide sequestration potentials based on CO2StoP .
`co2_sequestration_potential`	dict (str -> number)		The potential of sequestering CO2 in Europe per year and investment period.
`co2_sequestration_cost`	number	`30`	The cost of sequestering a ton of CO2 (currency/tCO2).
`co2_sequestration_lifetime`	integer	`50`	The lifetime of a CO2 sequestration site (years).
`co2_spatial`	boolean	`true`	Add option to spatially resolve carrier representing stored carbon dioxide. This allows for more detailed modelling of CCUTS, e.g. regarding the capturing of industrial process emissions, usage as feedstock for electrofuels, transport of carbon dioxide, and geological sequestration sites.
`co2_network`	boolean	`true`	Add option for planning a new carbon dioxide transmission network.
`co2_network_cost_factor`	number	`1`	The cost factor for the capital cost of the carbon dioxide transmission network.
`cc_fraction`	number	`0.9`	The default fraction of CO2 captured with post-combustion capture.
`hydrogen_underground_storage`	boolean	`true`	Add options for storing hydrogen underground. Storage potential depends regionally.
`hydrogen_underground_storage_locations`	list of string		The location where hydrogen underground storage can be located. Onshore, nearshore, offshore means it must be located more than 50 km away from the sea, within 50 km of the sea, or within the sea itself respectively.
`methanol`	any		Configuration for `sector.methanol` settings.
`regional_methanol_demand`	boolean	`false`	Spatially resolve methanol demand. Set to true if regional CO2 constraints needed.
`methanol_reforming`	boolean	`false`	Add methanol reforming.
`methanol_reforming_cc`	boolean	`false`	Add methanol reforming with carbon capture.
`methanol_to_kerosene`	boolean	`false`	Add methanol to kerosene.
`methanol_to_power`	dict (str -> boolean)		Add different methanol to power technologies.
`biomass_to_methanol`	boolean	`true`	Add biomass to methanol.
`biomass_to_methanol_cc`	boolean	`false`	Add biomass to methanol with carbon capture.
`ammonia`	boolean \| string	`true`	Add ammonia as a carrier. It can be either true (copperplated NH3), false (no NH3 carrier) or "regional" (regionalised NH3 without network).
`min_part_load_electrolysis`	number	`0`	The minimum unit dispatch (`p_min_pu`) for electrolysis.
`min_part_load_fischer_tropsch`	number	`0.5`	The minimum unit dispatch (`p_min_pu`) for the Fischer-Tropsch process.
`min_part_load_methanolisation`	number	`0.3`	The minimum unit dispatch (`p_min_pu`) for the methanolisation process.
`min_part_load_methanation`	number	`0.3`	Minimum part load methanation.
`use_fischer_tropsch_waste_heat`	number	`0.25`	Add option for using waste heat of Fischer Tropsch in district heating networks.
`use_haber_bosch_waste_heat`	number	`0.25`	Use Haber-Bosch waste heat.
`use_methanolisation_waste_heat`	number	`0.25`	Use methanolisation waste heat.
`use_methanation_waste_heat`	number	`0.25`	Use methanation waste heat.
`use_fuel_cell_waste_heat`	number	`1`	Add option for using waste heat of fuel cells in district heating networks.
`use_electrolysis_waste_heat`	number	`0.25`	Add option for using waste heat of electrolysis in district heating networks.
`electricity_transmission_grid`	boolean	`true`	Switch for enabling/disabling the electricity transmission grid.
`electricity_distribution_grid`	boolean	`true`	Add a simplified representation of the exchange capacity between transmission and distribution grid level through a link.
`electricity_distribution_grid_cost_factor`	number	`1.0`	Multiplies the investment cost of the electricity distribution grid.
`electricity_grid_connection`	boolean	`true`	Add the cost of electricity grid connection for onshore wind and solar.
`transmission_efficiency`	any		Configuration for `sector.transmission_efficiency` settings.
`enable`	list of string		Switch to select the carriers for which transmission efficiency is to be added. Carriers not listed assume lossless transmission.
`DC`	dict (str -> number)		DC transmission efficiency.
`H2 pipeline`	dict (str -> number)		H2 pipeline transmission efficiency.
`gas pipeline`	dict (str -> number)		Gas pipeline transmission efficiency.
`electricity distribution grid`	dict (str -> number)		Electricity distribution grid efficiency.
`H2_network`	boolean	`true`	Add option for new hydrogen pipelines.
`gas_network`	boolean	`true`	Add existing natural gas infrastructure, incl. LNG terminals, production and entry-points. The existing gas network is added with a lossless transport model. A length-weighted k-edge augmentation algorithm can be run to add new candidate gas pipelines such that all regions of the model can be connected to the gas network. When activated, all the gas demands are regionally disaggregated as well.
`H2_retrofit`	boolean	`false`	Add option for retrofiting existing pipelines to transport hydrogen.
`H2_retrofit_capacity_per_CH4`	number	`0.6`	The ratio for H2 capacity per original CH4 capacity of retrofitted pipelines. The European Hydrogen Backbone (April, 2020) p.15 60% of original natural gas capacity could be used in cost-optimal case as H2 capacity.
`gas_network_connectivity_upgrade`	number	`1`	The number of desired edge connectivity (k) in the length-weighted k-edge augmentation algorithm used for the gas network.
`gas_distribution_grid`	boolean	`true`	Add a gas distribution grid.
`gas_distribution_grid_cost_factor`	number	`1.0`	Multiplier for the investment cost of the gas distribution grid.
`biomass_spatial`	boolean	`true`	Add option for resolving biomass demand regionally.
`biomass_transport`	boolean	`false`	Add option for transporting solid biomass between nodes.
`biogas_upgrading`	boolean	`true`	Biogas upgrading.
`biogas_upgrading_cc`	boolean	`false`	Add option to capture CO2 from biomass upgrading.
`conventional_generation`	dict (str -> string)		Add a more detailed description of conventional carriers. Any power generation requires the consumption of fuel from nodes representing that fuel.
`biomass_to_liquid`	boolean	`true`	Add option for transforming solid biomass into liquid fuel with the same properties as oil.
`biomass_to_liquid_cc`	boolean	`false`	Add option for transforming solid biomass into liquid fuel with the same properties as oil with carbon capture.
`electrobiofuels`	boolean	`true`	Electrobiofuels.
`biosng`	boolean	`false`	Add option for transforming solid biomass into synthesis gas with the same properties as natural gas.
`biosng_cc`	boolean	`false`	Add option for transforming solid biomass into synthesis gas with the same properties as natural gas with carbon capture.
`bioH2`	boolean	`false`	Add option for transforming solid biomass into hydrogen with carbon capture.
`municipal_solid_waste`	boolean	`false`	Add option for municipal solid waste.
`limit_max_growth`	any		Configuration for `sector.limit_max_growth` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`false`	Add option to limit the maximum growth of a carrier.
`factor`	number	`1.3`	The maximum growth factor of a carrier (e.g. 1.3 allows 30% larger than max historic growth).
`max_growth`	dict (str -> number)		The historic maximum growth of a carrier.
`max_relative_growth`	dict (str -> number)		The historic maximum relative growth of a carrier.
`enhanced_geothermal`	any		Configuration for `sector.enhanced_geothermal` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`false`	Add option to include Enhanced Geothermal Systems.
`flexible`	boolean	`true`	Add option for flexible operation (see Ricks et al. 2024).
`max_hours`	integer	`240`	The maximum hours the reservoir can be charged under flexible operation.
`max_boost`	number	`0.25`	The maximum boost in power output under flexible operation.
`var_cf`	boolean	`true`	Add option for variable capacity factor (see Ricks et al. 2024).
`sustainability_factor`	number	`0.0025`	Share of sourced heat that is replenished by the earth's core (see details in build_egs_potentials.py ).
`solid_biomass_import`	any		Configuration for `sector.solid_biomass_import` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`false`	Add option to include solid biomass imports.
`price`	number	`54`	Price for importing solid biomass (currency/MWh).
`max_amount`	number	`1390`	Maximum solid biomass import potential (TWh).
`upstream_emissions_factor`	number	`0.1`	Upstream emissions of solid biomass imports.
`imports`	any		Configuration for `sector.imports` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`false`	Add option to include renewable energy imports.
`limit`	number		Maximum allowed renewable energy imports (TWh).
`limit_sense`	string	`<=`	Sense of the limit.
`price`	dict (str -> number)		Price for importing renewable energy of carrier.

YAML Syntax

```yaml sector:

transport: true heating: true biomass: true ```

Note

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

.. dropdown:: Details

.. jsonschema:: ../config/schema.default.json#/$defs/SectorConfig :lift_description: :hide_key: /**/additionalProperties

.. dropdown:: YAML Syntax

.. literalinclude:: ../config/config.default.yaml :language: yaml :start-at: sector: :end-before: # docs

`industry`¶

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

Configuration for industry settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`St_primary_fraction`	dict (str -> number)		The fraction of steel produced via primary route versus secondary route (scrap+EAF). Current fraction is 0.6.
`DRI_fraction`	dict (str -> number)		The fraction of the primary route DRI + EAF.
`H2_DRI`	number	`1.7`	The hydrogen consumption in Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) Mwh_H2 LHV/ton_Steel from 51kgH2/tSt in Vogl et al (2018) .
`elec_DRI`	number	`0.322`	The electricity consumed in Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) shaft. From HYBRIT brochure .
`Al_primary_fraction`	dict (str -> number)		The fraction of aluminium produced via the primary route versus scrap. Current fraction is 0.4.
`MWh_NH3_per_tNH3`	number	`5.166`	The energy amount per ton of ammonia (LHV).
`MWh_CH4_per_tNH3_SMR`	number	`10.8`	The energy amount of methane needed to produce a ton of ammonia using steam methane reforming (SMR). Value derived from 2012's demand from Center for European Policy Studies (2008) .
`MWh_elec_per_tNH3_SMR`	number	`0.7`	The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of ammonia using steam methane reforming (SMR). same source, assuming 94-6% split methane-elec of total energy demand 11.5 MWh/tNH3.
`MWh_H2_per_tNH3_electrolysis`	number	`5.93`	The energy amount of hydrogen needed to produce a ton of ammonia using Haber–Bosch process. From Wang et al (2018) , Base value assumed around 0.197 tH2/tHN3 (>3/17 since some H2 lost and used for energy).
`MWh_elec_per_tNH3_electrolysis`	number	`0.2473`	The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of ammonia using Haber–Bosch process. From Wang et al (2018) , Table 13 (air separation and HB).
`MWh_NH3_per_MWh_H2_cracker`	number	`1.46`	The energy amount of amonia needed to produce an energy amount hydrogen using ammonia cracker.
`NH3_process_emissions`	number	`24.5`	The emission of ammonia production from steam methane reforming (SMR). From UNFCCC for 2015 for EU28.
`petrochemical_process_emissions`	number	`25.5`	The emission of petrochemical production. From UNFCCC for 2015 for EU28.
`HVC_primary_fraction`	dict (str -> number)		The fraction of high value chemicals (HVC) produced via primary route.
`HVC_mechanical_recycling_fraction`	dict (str -> number)		The fraction of high value chemicals (HVC) produced using mechanical recycling.
`HVC_chemical_recycling_fraction`	dict (str -> number)		The fraction of high value chemicals (HVC) produced using chemical recycling.
`HVC_environment_sequestration_fraction`	number	`0.0`	The fraction of high value chemicals (HVC) put into landfill resulting in additional carbon sequestration. The default value is 0.
`waste_to_energy`	boolean	`false`	Switch to enable expansion of waste to energy CHPs for conversion of plastics. Default is false.
`waste_to_energy_cc`	boolean	`false`	Switch to enable expansion of waste to energy CHPs for conversion of plastics with carbon capture. Default is false.
`sector_ratios_fraction_future`	dict (str -> number)		The fraction of total progress in fuel and process switching achieved in the industry sector.
`basic_chemicals_without_NH3_production_today`	number	`69.0`	The amount of basic chemicals produced without ammonia (= 86 Mtethylene-equiv - 17 MtNH3).
`HVC_production_today`	number	`52.0`	The amount of high value chemicals (HVC) produced. This includes ethylene, propylene and BTX. From DECHEMA (2017) , Figure 16, page 107.
`MWh_elec_per_tHVC_mechanical_recycling`	number	`0.547`	The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of high value chemical (HVC) using mechanical recycling. From SI of Meys et al (2020) , Table S5, for HDPE, PP, PS, PET. LDPE would be 0.756.
`MWh_elec_per_tHVC_chemical_recycling`	number	`6.9`	The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of high value chemical (HVC) using chemical recycling. The default value is based on pyrolysis and electric steam cracking. From Material Economics (2019) , page 125.
`chlorine_production_today`	number	`9.58`	The amount of chlorine produced. From DECHEMA (2017) , Table 7, page 43.
`MWh_elec_per_tCl`	number	`3.6`	The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of chlorine. From DECHEMA (2017) , Table 6 page 43.
`MWh_H2_per_tCl`	number	`-0.9372`	The energy amount of hydrogen needed to produce a ton of chlorine. The value is negative since hydrogen produced in chloralkali process. From DECHEMA (2017) , page 43.
`methanol_production_today`	number	`1.5`	The amount of methanol produced. From DECHEMA (2017) , page 62.
`MWh_elec_per_tMeOH`	number	`0.167`	The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of methanol from fossil gas. From DECHEMA (2017) , Table 14, page 65.
`MWh_CH4_per_tMeOH`	number	`10.25`	The energy amount of methane needed to produce a ton of methanol from fossil gas. From DECHEMA (2017) , Table 14, page 65.
`MWh_MeOH_per_tMeOH`	number	`5.528`	The energy amount per ton of methanol (LHV). From DECHEMA (2017) , page 74.
`hotmaps_locate_missing`	boolean	`false`	Locate industrial sites without valid locations based on city and countries.
`reference_year`	integer	`2023`	The year used as the baseline for industrial energy demand and production. Data extracted from JRC-IDEES 2015 .
`oil_refining_emissions`	number	`0.013`	The emissions from oil fuel processing (e.g. oil in petrochemical refinieries). The default value of 0.013 tCO2/MWh is based on DE statistics for 2019; the EU value is very similar.

YAML Syntax

  industry: true
  shipping: true
  aviation: true
  agriculture: true
  fossil_fuels: true
  district_heating:
    potential: 0.6
    progress:
      2020: 0.0
      2025: 0.1
      2030: 0.25
      2035: 0.4
      2040: 0.55
      2045: 0.75
      2050: 1.0
    district_heating_loss: 0.15
    supply_temperature_approximation:
      max_forward_temperature_baseyear:
        FR: 110
        DK: 75
        DE: 109
        CZ: 130
        FI: 115
        PL: 130
        SE: 102
        IT: 90
      min_forward_temperature_baseyear:
        DE: 82
      return_temperature_baseyear:
        DE: 58
      lower_threshold_ambient_temperature: 0
      upper_threshold_ambient_temperature: 10
      rolling_window_ambient_temperature: 72
      relative_annual_temperature_reduction: 0.01
    ptes:
      dynamic_capacity: false
      supplemental_heating:
        enable: false
        booster_heat_pump: false
      max_top_temperature: 90
      min_bottom_temperature: 35
    ates:
      enable: false
      suitable_aquifer_types:
      - Highly productive porous aquifers
      aquifer_volumetric_heat_capacity: 2600
      fraction_of_aquifer_area_available: 0.2
      effective_screen_length: 20
      capex_as_fraction_of_geothermal_heat_source: 0.75
      recovery_factor: 0.6
      marginal_cost_charger: 0.035
      ignore_missing_regions: false
    heat_source_cooling: 6
    heat_pump_cop_approximation:
      refrigerant: ammonia
      heat_exchanger_pinch_point_temperature_difference: 5
      isentropic_compressor_efficiency: 0.8
      heat_loss: 0.0
      min_delta_t_lift: 10
    limited_heat_sources:
      geothermal:
        constant_temperature_celsius: 65
        ignore_missing_regions: false
      river_water:
        constant_temperature_celsius: false
    direct_utilisation_heat_sources:
    - geothermal
    temperature_limited_stores:
    - ptes
    dh_areas:
      buffer: 1000
      handle_missing_countries: fill
  heat_pump_sources:
    urban central:
    - air
    urban decentral:
    - air
    rural:
    - air
    - ground
  residential_heat:
    dsm:
      enable: false
      direction:
      - overheat
      - undercool
      restriction_value:
        2020: 0.06
        2025: 0.16
        2030: 0.27
        2035: 0.36
        2040: 0.38
        2045: 0.39
        2050: 0.4
      restriction_time:
      - 10
      - 22
  cluster_heat_buses: true
  heat_demand_cutout: default
  bev_dsm_restriction_value: 0.8
  bev_dsm_restriction_time: 7
  transport_heating_deadband_upper: 20.0
  transport_heating_deadband_lower: 15.0
  ICE_lower_degree_factor: 0.375
  ICE_upper_degree_factor: 1.6
  EV_lower_degree_factor: 0.98
  EV_upper_degree_factor: 0.63
  bev_dsm: true
  bev_dsm_availability: 0.5
  bev_energy: 0.05
  bev_charge_efficiency: 0.9
  bev_charge_rate: 0.011
  bev_avail_max: 0.95
  bev_avail_mean: 0.8
  v2g: true
  land_transport_fuel_cell_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0
    2035: 0
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  land_transport_electric_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0.05
    2030: 0.2
    2035: 0.45
    2040: 0.7
    2045: 0.85
    2050: 1
  land_transport_ice_share:
    2020: 1
    2025: 0.95
    2030: 0.8
    2035: 0.55
    2040: 0.3
    2045: 0.15
    2050: 0
  transport_electric_efficiency: 53.19
  transport_fuel_cell_efficiency: 30.003
  transport_ice_efficiency: 16.0712
  agriculture_machinery_electric_share: 0.5
  agriculture_machinery_oil_share: 0.5
  agriculture_machinery_fuel_efficiency: 0.7
  agriculture_machinery_electric_efficiency: 0.3
  shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction: false
  shipping_hydrogen_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0
    2035: 0
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  shipping_methanol_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0.15
    2035: 0.35
    2040: 0.55
    2045: 0.8
    2050: 1
  shipping_oil_share:
    2020: 1
    2025: 1
    2030: 0.85
    2035: 0.65
    2040: 0.45
    2045: 0.2
    2050: 0
  shipping_methanol_efficiency: 0.46
  shipping_oil_efficiency: 0.4
  aviation_demand_factor: 1.0
  HVC_demand_factor: 1.0
  time_dep_hp_cop: true
  heat_pump_sink_T_individual_heating: 55.0
  reduce_space_heat_exogenously: true
  reduce_space_heat_exogenously_factor:
    2020: 0.1
    2025: 0.09
    2030: 0.09
    2035: 0.11
    2040: 0.16
    2045: 0.21
    2050: 0.29
  retrofitting:
    retro_endogen: false
    cost_factor: 1.0
    interest_rate: 0.04
    annualise_cost: true
    tax_weighting: false
    construction_index: true
  tes: true
  boilers: true
  resistive_heaters: true
  oil_boilers: false
  biomass_boiler: true
  overdimension_heat_generators:
    decentral: 1.1
    central: 1.0
  chp:
    enable: true
    fuel:
    - solid biomass
    - gas
    micro_chp: false
  solar_thermal: true
  solar_cf_correction: 0.788457
  methanation: true
  coal_cc: false
  dac: true
  co2_vent: false
  heat_vent:
    urban central: true
    urban decentral: true
    rural: true
  marginal_cost_heat_vent: 0.02
  allam_cycle_gas: false
  hydrogen_fuel_cell: true
  hydrogen_turbine: true
  SMR: true
  SMR_cc: true
  regional_oil_demand: true
  regional_coal_demand: false
  regional_co2_sequestration_potential:
    enable: true
    attribute:
    - conservative estimate Mt
    - conservative estimate GAS Mt
    - conservative estimate OIL Mt
    - conservative estimate aquifer Mt
    include_onshore: false
    min_size: 3
    max_size: 25
    years_of_storage: 25
  co2_sequestration_potential:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 40
    2035: 100
    2040: 180
    2045: 250
    2050: 250
  co2_sequestration_cost: 30
  co2_sequestration_lifetime: 50
  co2_spatial: true
  co2_network: true
  co2_network_cost_factor: 1
  cc_fraction: 0.9
  hydrogen_underground_storage: true
  hydrogen_underground_storage_locations:
  - onshore
  - nearshore
  methanol:
    regional_methanol_demand: false
    methanol_reforming: false
    methanol_reforming_cc: false
    methanol_to_kerosene: false
    methanol_to_power:
      ccgt: false
      ccgt_cc: false
      ocgt: true
      allam: false
    biomass_to_methanol: true
    biomass_to_methanol_cc: false
  ammonia: true
  min_part_load_electrolysis: 0
  min_part_load_fischer_tropsch: 0.5
  min_part_load_methanolisation: 0.3
  min_part_load_methanation: 0.3
  use_fischer_tropsch_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_haber_bosch_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_methanolisation_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_methanation_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_fuel_cell_waste_heat: 1
  use_electrolysis_waste_heat: 0.25
  electricity_transmission_grid: true
  electricity_distribution_grid: true
  electricity_distribution_grid_cost_factor: 1.0
  electricity_grid_connection: true
  transmission_efficiency:
    enable:
    - DC
    - H2 pipeline
    - gas pipeline
    - electricity distribution grid
    DC:
      efficiency_static: 0.98
      efficiency_per_1000km: 0.977
    H2 pipeline:
      efficiency_per_1000km: 1
      compression_per_1000km: 0.018
    gas pipeline:
      efficiency_per_1000km: 1
      compression_per_1000km: 0.01
    electricity distribution grid:
      efficiency_static: 0.97
  H2_network: true
  gas_network: true
  H2_retrofit: false
  H2_retrofit_capacity_per_CH4: 0.6
  gas_network_connectivity_upgrade: 1
  gas_distribution_grid: true
  gas_distribution_grid_cost_factor: 1.0
  biomass_spatial: true
  biomass_transport: false
  biogas_upgrading: true
  biogas_upgrading_cc: false
  conventional_generation:
    OCGT: gas
    CCGT: gas
  biomass_to_liquid: true
  biomass_to_liquid_cc: false
  electrobiofuels: true
  biosng: false
  biosng_cc: false
  bioH2: false
  municipal_solid_waste: false
  limit_max_growth:
    enable: false
    factor: 1.3
    max_growth:
      onwind: 16
      solar: 28
      "offwind-ac": 35
      "offwind-dc": 35
    max_relative_growth:
      onwind: 3
      solar: 3
      "offwind-ac": 3
      "offwind-dc": 3
  enhanced_geothermal:
    enable: false
    flexible: true
    max_hours: 240
    max_boost: 0.25
    var_cf: true
    sustainability_factor: 0.0025
  solid_biomass_import:
    enable: false
    price: 54
    max_amount: 1390
    upstream_emissions_factor: 0.1
  imports:
    enable: false
    limit: .inf
    limit_sense: "<="
    price:
      H2: 74
      NH3: 97
      methanol: 121
      gas: 122
      oil: 125

industry:
  St_primary_fraction:
    2020: 0.6
    2025: 0.55
    2030: 0.5
    2035: 0.45
    2040: 0.4
    2045: 0.35
    2050: 0.3
  DRI_fraction:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0.05
    2035: 0.2
    2040: 0.4
    2045: 0.7
    2050: 1
  H2_DRI: 1.7
  elec_DRI: 0.322
  Al_primary_fraction:
    2020: 0.4
    2025: 0.375
    2030: 0.35
    2035: 0.325
    2040: 0.3
    2045: 0.25
    2050: 0.2
  MWh_NH3_per_tNH3: 5.166
  MWh_CH4_per_tNH3_SMR: 10.8
  MWh_elec_per_tNH3_SMR: 0.7
  MWh_H2_per_tNH3_electrolysis: 5.93
  MWh_elec_per_tNH3_electrolysis: 0.2473
  MWh_NH3_per_MWh_H2_cracker: 1.46
  NH3_process_emissions: 24.5
  petrochemical_process_emissions: 25.5
  HVC_primary_fraction:
    2020: 0.88
    2025: 0.85
    2030: 0.78
    2035: 0.7
    2040: 0.6
    2045: 0.5
    2050: 0.4
  HVC_mechanical_recycling_fraction:
    2020: 0.12
    2025: 0.15
    2030: 0.18
    2035: 0.21
    2040: 0.24
    2045: 0.27
    2050: 0.3
  HVC_chemical_recycling_fraction:
    2020: 0.0
    2025: 0.0
    2030: 0.04
    2035: 0.08
    2040: 0.12
    2045: 0.16
    2050: 0.2
  HVC_environment_sequestration_fraction: 0.0
  waste_to_energy: false
  waste_to_energy_cc: false
  sector_ratios_fraction_future:
    2020: 0.0
    2025: 0.05
    2030: 0.2
    2035: 0.45
    2040: 0.7
    2045: 0.85
    2050: 1.0
  basic_chemicals_without_NH3_production_today: 69.0
  HVC_production_today: 52.0
  MWh_elec_per_tHVC_mechanical_recycling: 0.547
  MWh_elec_per_tHVC_chemical_recycling: 6.9
  chlorine_production_today: 9.58
  MWh_elec_per_tCl: 3.6
  MWh_H2_per_tCl: -0.9372
  methanol_production_today: 1.5
  MWh_elec_per_tMeOH: 0.167
  MWh_CH4_per_tMeOH: 10.25
  MWh_MeOH_per_tMeOH: 5.528
  hotmaps_locate_missing: false
  reference_year: 2023
  oil_refining_emissions: 0.013

Note

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

.. jsonschema:: ../config/schema.default.json#/$defs/IndustryConfig :lift_description: :hide_key: /**/additionalProperties

YAML Syntax

.. literalinclude:: ../config/config.default.yaml :language: yaml :start-after: # docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#industry :end-before: # docs

`costs`¶

Configuration for costs settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`year`	integer	`2050`	Year for which to retrieve cost assumptions of `data/costs/primary/<version>/costs_<year>.csv`.
`social_discountrate`	number	`0.02`	Social discount rate to compare costs in different investment periods. 0.02 corresponds to a social discount rate of 2%.
`fill_values`	any		Configuration for `costs.fill_values` settings.
`FOM`	number	`0`	Default fixed operation and maintenance cost.
`VOM`	number	`0`	Default variable operation and maintenance cost.
`efficiency`	number	`1`	Default efficiency.
`fuel`	number	`0`	Default fuel cost.
`investment`	number	`0`	Default investment cost.
`lifetime`	integer	`25`	Default lifetime in years.
`CO2 intensity`	number	`0`	Default CO2 intensity.
`discount rate`	number	`0.07`	Default discount rate.
`standing losses`	number	`0`	Default standing losses.
`custom_cost_fn`	string \| null	`data/custom_costs.csv`	Path to the custom costs file. None if it should not be used. Default `data/custom_costs.csv` contains minor adjustments for stabilising the optimisation results.
`overwrites`	dict (str -> dict (str -> number))		For the given parameters and technologies, assumptions about their parameter are overwritten the corresponding value of the technology.
`capital_cost`	dict (str -> number)		For the given technologies, assumptions about their capital investment costs are set to the corresponding value. Optional; overwrites cost assumptions from `resources/costs.csv`.
`marginal_cost`	dict (str -> number)		For the given technologies, assumptions about their marginal operating costs are set to the corresponding value. Optional; overwrites cost assumptions from `resources/costs.csv`.
`emission_prices`	any		Configuration for `costs.emission_prices` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`false`	Add cost for a carbon-dioxide price configured in `costs: emission_prices: co2` to `marginal_cost` of generators. Config setting can also be enabled with the keyword `Ep` in the `{opts}` wildcard for electricity-only runs.
`co2`	number \| dict (str -> number)	`0.0`	Exogenous price of carbon-dioxide. In electricity-only runs it is added to the marginal costs of fossil-fuelled generators according to their carbon intensity, while for sector networks it applies to emissions ending up in CO2 atmosphere.
`dynamic`	boolean	`false`	Add time-varying cost for a carbon-dioxide price based on historical values built by the rule `build_co2_prices`.
`rolling_window`	integer	`90`	Rolling window (in days) for smoothing the historical CO2 prices when `dynamic` is set to True.

YAML Syntax

costs:
  year: 2050
  social_discountrate: 0.02
  fill_values:
    FOM: 0
    VOM: 0
    efficiency: 1
    fuel: 0
    investment: 0
    lifetime: 25
    CO2 intensity: 0
    discount rate: 0.07
    standing losses: 0
  custom_cost_fn: data/custom_costs.csv
  overwrites: {}
  capital_cost: {}
  marginal_cost: {}
  emission_prices:
    enable: false
    co2: 0.0
    dynamic: false
    rolling_window: 90

`clustering`¶

use min in p_nom_max: for more conservative assumptions.

Configuration for clustering settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`mode`	enum (`busmap`, `custom_busmap`, `administrative`, `custom_busshapes`)	`busmap`	'busmap': Default. 'custom_busmap': Enable the use of custom busmaps in rule `cluster_network`. If activated the rule looks for provided busmaps at `data/busmaps/base_s_{clusters}_{base_network}.csv` which should have the same format as `resources/busmap_base_s_{clusters}.csv`, i.e. the index should contain the buses of `networks/base_s.nc`. {base_network} is the name of the selected base_network in electricity, e.g. `gridkit`, `osm-prebuilt`, or `osm-raw`. 'administrative': Clusters and indexes the network based on the administrative regions of the countries based on `nuts3_shapes.geojson` (level: 1, 2, 3, bz). To activate this, additionally set the `clusters` wildcard in `scenario` to 'adm'. 'custom_busshapes': Enable the use of custom shapes in rule `cluster_network`. If activated the rule looks for provided busshapes at `data/busshapes/base_s_{clusters}_{base_network}.geojson`.
`administrative`	any		Configuration for `clustering.administrative` settings.
`level`	enum (`0`, `1`, `2`, `3`, `bz`)	`1`	Level of administrative regions to cluster the network. 0: Country level, 1: NUTS1 level, 2: NUTS2 level, 3: NUTS3 level, 'bz': Bidding zones. Only applies when mode is set to `administrative`. Note that non-NUTS countries 'BA', 'MD', 'UA', and 'XK' can only be clustered to level 0 and 1.
`countries`	dict (str -> integer)		Optionally include dictionary of individual country codes and their individual NUTS levels. Overwrites country-specific `level`. For example: `{'DE': 1, 'FR': 2}`. Only applies when mode is set to `administrative`.
`focus_weights`	boolean \| dict (str -> number)	`false`	Optionally specify the focus weights for the clustering of countries. For instance: `DE: 0.8` will distribute 80% of all nodes to Germany and 20% to the rest of the countries. Only applies when mode is set to `busmap`.
`copperplate_regions`	list of list of string		Optionally specify the regions to copperplate as a list of groups. Each group is a list of region codes that will be connected with infinite capacity lines.
`build_bidding_zones`	any		Configuration for `clustering.build_bidding_zones` settings.
`remove_islands`	boolean	`false`	Exclude from the shape file the Balearic Islands, Bornholm, the Canary Islands, the Orkney Islands, the Shetland Islands, the Azores Islands and Madeira.
`aggregate_to_tyndp`	boolean	`false`	Adjust the shape file to the TYNDP topology. Aggregate the Southern Norwegian bidding zones and extract Crete as a separate zone from the Greek shape.
`simplify_network`	any		Configuration for `clustering.simplify_network` settings.
`to_substations`	boolean	`false`	Aggregates all nodes without power injection (positive or negative, i.e. demand or generation) to electrically closest ones.
`remove_stubs`	boolean	`true`	Controls whether radial parts of the network should be recursively aggregated. Defaults to true.
`remove_stubs_across_borders`	boolean	`false`	Controls whether radial parts of the network should be recursively aggregated across borders. Defaults to true.
`cluster_network`	any		Configuration for `clustering.cluster_network` settings.
`algorithm`	enum (`kmeans`, `hac`)	`kmeans`	Clustering algorithm to use.
`hac_features`	list of string		List of meteorological variables contained in the weather data cutout that should be considered for hierarchical clustering.
`exclude_carriers`	list of string		List of carriers which will not be aggregated. If empty, all carriers will be aggregated.
`consider_efficiency_classes`	boolean \| list of number	`false`	Aggregate each carrier into efficiency classes defined by quantile boundaries. If True, uses [0.1, 0.9] as default quantiles (labels: Q0, Q10, Q90). If a list of floats, defines custom quantile boundaries, e.g. [0.1, 0.5, 0.9].
`aggregation_strategies`	any		Configuration for `clustering.aggregation_strategies` settings.
`generators`	dict (str -> string)		Aggregates the component according to the given strategy. For example, if sum, then all values within each cluster are summed to represent the new generator.
`buses`	dict (str -> string)		Aggregates the component according to the given strategy. For example, if sum, then all values within each cluster are summed to represent the new bus.
`temporal`	any		Configuration for `clustering.temporal` settings.
`resolution_elec`	boolean \| string	`false`	Resample the time-resolution by averaging over every `n` snapshots in `prepare_network`. Warning: This option should currently only be used with electricity-only networks, not for sector-coupled networks.
`resolution_sector`	boolean \| string	`false`	Resample the time-resolution by averaging over every `n` snapshots in `prepare_sector_network`.

YAML Syntax

clustering:
  mode: busmap
  administrative:
    level: 1
    countries: {}
  focus_weights: false
  copperplate_regions: []
  build_bidding_zones:
    remove_islands: false
    aggregate_to_tyndp: false
  simplify_network:
    to_substations: false
    remove_stubs: true
    remove_stubs_across_borders: false
  cluster_network:
    algorithm: kmeans
    hac_features:
    - wnd100m
    - influx_direct
  exclude_carriers: []
  consider_efficiency_classes: false
  aggregation_strategies:
    generators:
      committable: any
      ramp_limit_up: max
      ramp_limit_down: max
    buses: {}
  temporal:
    resolution_elec: false
    resolution_sector: false

Tip

use min in p_nom_max: for more conservative assumptions.

`adjustments`¶

Configuration for top-level adjustments key.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`electricity`	boolean \| any	`false`	Parameter adjustments applied in `prepare_network`.
`factor`	boolean \| dict (str -> dict (str -> dict (str -> number \| dict (str -> any))))	`false`	Multiply original value with given factor
`absolute`	boolean \| dict (str -> dict (str -> dict (str -> number \| dict (str -> any))))	`false`	Set attribute to absolute value. Can be also a dictionary with planning horizons as keys.
`sector`	boolean \| any		Parameter adjustments applied in `prepare_sector_network`.
`factor`	boolean \| dict (str -> dict (str -> dict (str -> number \| dict (str -> any))))	`false`	Multiply original value with given factor
`absolute`	boolean \| dict (str -> dict (str -> dict (str -> number \| dict (str -> any))))	`false`	Set attribute to absolute value. Can be also a dictionary with planning horizons as keys.

YAML Syntax

  manual_adjustments: true
  scaling_factor: 1.0
  fixed_year: false
  supplement_synthetic: true
  substation_only: true
  distribution_key:
    gdp: 0.6
    population: 0.4

pypsa_eur:
  Bus:
  - AC
  Link:
  - DC
  Generator:
  - onwind
  - "offwind-ac"
  - "offwind-dc"
  - "offwind-float"
  - "solar-hsat"
  - solar
  - ror
  - nuclear
  StorageUnit:
  - PHS
  - hydro
  Store: []

energy:
  energy_totals_year: 2023
  base_emissions_year: 1990
  emissions: CO2

biomass:
  year: 2030
  scenario: ENS_Med
  classes:
    solid biomass:
    - Agricultural waste
    - Fuelwood residues
    - "Secondary Forestry residues - woodchips"
    - Sawdust
    - Residues from landscape care
    not included:
    - Sugar from sugar beet
    - Rape seed
    - 'Sunflower, soya seed '
    - Bioethanol barley, wheat, grain maize, oats, other cereals and rye
    - Miscanthus, switchgrass, RCG
    - Willow
    - Poplar
    - FuelwoodRW
    - "C&P_RW"
    biogas:
    - Manure solid, liquid
    - Sludge
    municipal solid waste:
    - Municipal waste
  share_unsustainable_use_retained:
    2020: 1
    2025: 1
    2030: 0.66
    2035: 0.33
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  share_sustainable_potential_available:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0.33
    2035: 0.66
    2040: 1
    2045: 1
    2050: 1

solar_thermal:
  clearsky_model: simple
  orientation:
    slope: 45.0
    azimuth: 180.0
  cutout: default

existing_capacities:
  grouping_years_power:
  - 1900
  - 1950
  - 1955
  - 1960
  - 1965
  - 1970
  - 1975
  - 1980
  - 1985
  - 1990
  - 1995
  - 2000
  - 2005
  - 2010
  - 2015
  - 2020
  - 2025
  - 2030
  grouping_years_heat:
  - 1980
  - 1985
  - 1990
  - 1995
  - 2000
  - 2005
  - 2010
  - 2015
  - 2019
  threshold_capacity: 10
  default_heating_lifetime: 20
  solar_rooftop_ratio: 0.5
  conventional_carriers:
  - lignite
  - coal
  - oil
  - uranium

sector:
  transport: true
  heating: true
  biomass: true
  industry: true
  shipping: true
  aviation: true
  agriculture: true
  fossil_fuels: true
  district_heating:
    potential: 0.6
    progress:
      2020: 0.0
      2025: 0.1
      2030: 0.25
      2035: 0.4
      2040: 0.55
      2045: 0.75
      2050: 1.0
    district_heating_loss: 0.15
    supply_temperature_approximation:
      max_forward_temperature_baseyear:
        FR: 110
        DK: 75
        DE: 109
        CZ: 130
        FI: 115
        PL: 130
        SE: 102
        IT: 90
      min_forward_temperature_baseyear:
        DE: 82
      return_temperature_baseyear:
        DE: 58
      lower_threshold_ambient_temperature: 0
      upper_threshold_ambient_temperature: 10
      rolling_window_ambient_temperature: 72
      relative_annual_temperature_reduction: 0.01
    ptes:
      dynamic_capacity: false
      supplemental_heating:
        enable: false
        booster_heat_pump: false
      max_top_temperature: 90
      min_bottom_temperature: 35
    ates:
      enable: false
      suitable_aquifer_types:
      - Highly productive porous aquifers
      aquifer_volumetric_heat_capacity: 2600
      fraction_of_aquifer_area_available: 0.2
      effective_screen_length: 20
      capex_as_fraction_of_geothermal_heat_source: 0.75
      recovery_factor: 0.6
      marginal_cost_charger: 0.035
      ignore_missing_regions: false
    heat_source_cooling: 6
    heat_pump_cop_approximation:
      refrigerant: ammonia
      heat_exchanger_pinch_point_temperature_difference: 5
      isentropic_compressor_efficiency: 0.8
      heat_loss: 0.0
      min_delta_t_lift: 10
    limited_heat_sources:
      geothermal:
        constant_temperature_celsius: 65
        ignore_missing_regions: false
      river_water:
        constant_temperature_celsius: false
    direct_utilisation_heat_sources:
    - geothermal
    temperature_limited_stores:
    - ptes
    dh_areas:
      buffer: 1000
      handle_missing_countries: fill
  heat_pump_sources:
    urban central:
    - air
    urban decentral:
    - air
    rural:
    - air
    - ground
  residential_heat:
    dsm:
      enable: false
      direction:
      - overheat
      - undercool
      restriction_value:
        2020: 0.06
        2025: 0.16
        2030: 0.27
        2035: 0.36
        2040: 0.38
        2045: 0.39
        2050: 0.4
      restriction_time:
      - 10
      - 22
  cluster_heat_buses: true
  heat_demand_cutout: default
  bev_dsm_restriction_value: 0.8
  bev_dsm_restriction_time: 7
  transport_heating_deadband_upper: 20.0
  transport_heating_deadband_lower: 15.0
  ICE_lower_degree_factor: 0.375
  ICE_upper_degree_factor: 1.6
  EV_lower_degree_factor: 0.98
  EV_upper_degree_factor: 0.63
  bev_dsm: true
  bev_dsm_availability: 0.5
  bev_energy: 0.05
  bev_charge_efficiency: 0.9
  bev_charge_rate: 0.011
  bev_avail_max: 0.95
  bev_avail_mean: 0.8
  v2g: true
  land_transport_fuel_cell_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0
    2035: 0
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  land_transport_electric_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0.05
    2030: 0.2
    2035: 0.45
    2040: 0.7
    2045: 0.85
    2050: 1
  land_transport_ice_share:
    2020: 1
    2025: 0.95
    2030: 0.8
    2035: 0.55
    2040: 0.3
    2045: 0.15
    2050: 0
  transport_electric_efficiency: 53.19
  transport_fuel_cell_efficiency: 30.003
  transport_ice_efficiency: 16.0712
  agriculture_machinery_electric_share: 0.5
  agriculture_machinery_oil_share: 0.5
  agriculture_machinery_fuel_efficiency: 0.7
  agriculture_machinery_electric_efficiency: 0.3
  shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction: false
  shipping_hydrogen_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0
    2035: 0
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  shipping_methanol_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0.15
    2035: 0.35
    2040: 0.55
    2045: 0.8
    2050: 1
  shipping_oil_share:
    2020: 1
    2025: 1
    2030: 0.85
    2035: 0.65
    2040: 0.45
    2045: 0.2
    2050: 0
  shipping_methanol_efficiency: 0.46
  shipping_oil_efficiency: 0.4
  aviation_demand_factor: 1.0
  HVC_demand_factor: 1.0
  time_dep_hp_cop: true
  heat_pump_sink_T_individual_heating: 55.0
  reduce_space_heat_exogenously: true
  reduce_space_heat_exogenously_factor:
    2020: 0.1
    2025: 0.09
    2030: 0.09
    2035: 0.11
    2040: 0.16
    2045: 0.21
    2050: 0.29
  retrofitting:
    retro_endogen: false
    cost_factor: 1.0
    interest_rate: 0.04
    annualise_cost: true
    tax_weighting: false
    construction_index: true
  tes: true
  boilers: true
  resistive_heaters: true
  oil_boilers: false
  biomass_boiler: true
  overdimension_heat_generators:
    decentral: 1.1
    central: 1.0
  chp:
    enable: true
    fuel:
    - solid biomass
    - gas
    micro_chp: false
  solar_thermal: true
  solar_cf_correction: 0.788457
  methanation: true
  coal_cc: false
  dac: true
  co2_vent: false
  heat_vent:
    urban central: true
    urban decentral: true
    rural: true
  marginal_cost_heat_vent: 0.02
  allam_cycle_gas: false
  hydrogen_fuel_cell: true
  hydrogen_turbine: true
  SMR: true
  SMR_cc: true
  regional_oil_demand: true
  regional_coal_demand: false
  regional_co2_sequestration_potential:
    enable: true
    attribute:
    - conservative estimate Mt
    - conservative estimate GAS Mt
    - conservative estimate OIL Mt
    - conservative estimate aquifer Mt
    include_onshore: false
    min_size: 3
    max_size: 25
    years_of_storage: 25
  co2_sequestration_potential:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 40
    2035: 100
    2040: 180
    2045: 250
    2050: 250
  co2_sequestration_cost: 30
  co2_sequestration_lifetime: 50
  co2_spatial: true
  co2_network: true
  co2_network_cost_factor: 1
  cc_fraction: 0.9
  hydrogen_underground_storage: true
  hydrogen_underground_storage_locations:
  - onshore
  - nearshore
  methanol:
    regional_methanol_demand: false
    methanol_reforming: false
    methanol_reforming_cc: false
    methanol_to_kerosene: false
    methanol_to_power:
      ccgt: false
      ccgt_cc: false
      ocgt: true
      allam: false
    biomass_to_methanol: true
    biomass_to_methanol_cc: false
  ammonia: true
  min_part_load_electrolysis: 0
  min_part_load_fischer_tropsch: 0.5
  min_part_load_methanolisation: 0.3
  min_part_load_methanation: 0.3
  use_fischer_tropsch_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_haber_bosch_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_methanolisation_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_methanation_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_fuel_cell_waste_heat: 1
  use_electrolysis_waste_heat: 0.25
  electricity_transmission_grid: true
  electricity_distribution_grid: true
  electricity_distribution_grid_cost_factor: 1.0
  electricity_grid_connection: true
  transmission_efficiency:
    enable:
    - DC
    - H2 pipeline
    - gas pipeline
    - electricity distribution grid
    DC:
      efficiency_static: 0.98
      efficiency_per_1000km: 0.977
    H2 pipeline:
      efficiency_per_1000km: 1
      compression_per_1000km: 0.018
    gas pipeline:
      efficiency_per_1000km: 1
      compression_per_1000km: 0.01
    electricity distribution grid:
      efficiency_static: 0.97
  H2_network: true
  gas_network: true
  H2_retrofit: false
  H2_retrofit_capacity_per_CH4: 0.6
  gas_network_connectivity_upgrade: 1
  gas_distribution_grid: true
  gas_distribution_grid_cost_factor: 1.0
  biomass_spatial: true
  biomass_transport: false
  biogas_upgrading: true
  biogas_upgrading_cc: false
  conventional_generation:
    OCGT: gas
    CCGT: gas
  biomass_to_liquid: true
  biomass_to_liquid_cc: false
  electrobiofuels: true
  biosng: false
  biosng_cc: false
  bioH2: false
  municipal_solid_waste: false
  limit_max_growth:
    enable: false
    factor: 1.3
    max_growth:
      onwind: 16
      solar: 28
      "offwind-ac": 35
      "offwind-dc": 35
    max_relative_growth:
      onwind: 3
      solar: 3
      "offwind-ac": 3
      "offwind-dc": 3
  enhanced_geothermal:
    enable: false
    flexible: true
    max_hours: 240
    max_boost: 0.25
    var_cf: true
    sustainability_factor: 0.0025
  solid_biomass_import:
    enable: false
    price: 54
    max_amount: 1390
    upstream_emissions_factor: 0.1
  imports:
    enable: false
    limit: .inf
    limit_sense: "<="
    price:
      H2: 74
      NH3: 97
      methanol: 121
      gas: 122
      oil: 125

industry:
  St_primary_fraction:
    2020: 0.6
    2025: 0.55
    2030: 0.5
    2035: 0.45
    2040: 0.4
    2045: 0.35
    2050: 0.3
  DRI_fraction:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0.05
    2035: 0.2
    2040: 0.4
    2045: 0.7
    2050: 1
  H2_DRI: 1.7
  elec_DRI: 0.322
  Al_primary_fraction:
    2020: 0.4
    2025: 0.375
    2030: 0.35
    2035: 0.325
    2040: 0.3
    2045: 0.25
    2050: 0.2
  MWh_NH3_per_tNH3: 5.166
  MWh_CH4_per_tNH3_SMR: 10.8
  MWh_elec_per_tNH3_SMR: 0.7
  MWh_H2_per_tNH3_electrolysis: 5.93
  MWh_elec_per_tNH3_electrolysis: 0.2473
  MWh_NH3_per_MWh_H2_cracker: 1.46
  NH3_process_emissions: 24.5
  petrochemical_process_emissions: 25.5
  HVC_primary_fraction:
    2020: 0.88
    2025: 0.85
    2030: 0.78
    2035: 0.7
    2040: 0.6
    2045: 0.5
    2050: 0.4
  HVC_mechanical_recycling_fraction:
    2020: 0.12
    2025: 0.15
    2030: 0.18
    2035: 0.21
    2040: 0.24
    2045: 0.27
    2050: 0.3
  HVC_chemical_recycling_fraction:
    2020: 0.0
    2025: 0.0
    2030: 0.04
    2035: 0.08
    2040: 0.12
    2045: 0.16
    2050: 0.2
  HVC_environment_sequestration_fraction: 0.0
  waste_to_energy: false
  waste_to_energy_cc: false
  sector_ratios_fraction_future:
    2020: 0.0
    2025: 0.05
    2030: 0.2
    2035: 0.45
    2040: 0.7
    2045: 0.85
    2050: 1.0
  basic_chemicals_without_NH3_production_today: 69.0
  HVC_production_today: 52.0
  MWh_elec_per_tHVC_mechanical_recycling: 0.547
  MWh_elec_per_tHVC_chemical_recycling: 6.9
  chlorine_production_today: 9.58
  MWh_elec_per_tCl: 3.6
  MWh_H2_per_tCl: -0.9372
  methanol_production_today: 1.5
  MWh_elec_per_tMeOH: 0.167
  MWh_CH4_per_tMeOH: 10.25
  MWh_MeOH_per_tMeOH: 5.528
  hotmaps_locate_missing: false
  reference_year: 2023
  oil_refining_emissions: 0.013

costs:
  year: 2050
  social_discountrate: 0.02
  fill_values:
    FOM: 0
    VOM: 0
    efficiency: 1
    fuel: 0
    investment: 0
    lifetime: 25
    CO2 intensity: 0
    discount rate: 0.07
    standing losses: 0
  custom_cost_fn: data/custom_costs.csv
  overwrites: {}
  capital_cost: {}
  marginal_cost: {}
  emission_prices:
    enable: false
    co2: 0.0
    dynamic: false
    rolling_window: 90

clustering:
  mode: busmap
  administrative:
    level: 1
    countries: {}
  focus_weights: false
  copperplate_regions: []
  build_bidding_zones:
    remove_islands: false
    aggregate_to_tyndp: false
  simplify_network:
    to_substations: false
    remove_stubs: true
    remove_stubs_across_borders: false
  cluster_network:
    algorithm: kmeans
    hac_features:
    - wnd100m
    - influx_direct
  exclude_carriers: []
  consider_efficiency_classes: false
  aggregation_strategies:
    generators:
      committable: any
      ramp_limit_up: max
      ramp_limit_down: max
    buses: {}
  temporal:
    resolution_elec: false
    resolution_sector: false

adjustments:
  electricity: false
  sector:
    factor:
      Link:
        electricity distribution grid:
          capital_cost: 1.0
    absolute: false

`solving`¶

Configuration for solving settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`options`	any		Configuration for `solving.options` settings.
`clip_p_max_pu`	number	`0.01`	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.
`load_shedding`	any		Configuration for `solving.options.load_shedding` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`false`	Enable load shedding by adding high-cost generators to avoid infeasibilities. Requires either all_carriers: true or at least one entry in carriers.
`default_cost`	number	`100000`	The default cost for load-shedding in the unit of the bus carrier (e.g. EUR/MWh for electricity, EUR/t_CO2 for CO2). Must be positive.
`all_carriers`	boolean	`true`	Switch to apply load shedding to all carriers. Otherwise, load shedding will be applied to listed carriers only.
`carriers`	dict (str -> number)	`{}`	Dictionary of carriers and their specific load shedding cost in the unit of the bus carrier (e.g. EUR/MWh for electricity, EUR/t_CO2 for CO2). If load shedding is enabled for all carriers, the default cost is assumed for non-listed carriers.
`load_sinks`	any		Configuration for `solving.options.load_sinks` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`false`	Add load sinks by adding negative-cost, energy consuming generators to avoid infeasibilities by absorbing excess energy. Requires either all_carriers: true or at least one entry in carriers.
`default_cost`	number	`100000`	The default cost for load sinks in the unit of the bus carrier (e.g. EUR/MWh for electricity, EUR/t_CO2 for CO2). Must be positive.
`all_carriers`	boolean	`false`	Switch to add load sinks for all carriers. Otherwise, load sinks will be added for listed carriers only.
`carriers`	dict (str -> number)	`{}`	Dictionary of carriers and their specific load sink cost in the unit of the bus carrier (e.g. EUR/MWh for electricity, EUR/t_CO2 for CO2). If load sinks are added for all carriers, the default cost is assumed for non-listed carriers.
`curtailment_mode`	boolean	`false`	Fixes the dispatch profiles of generators with time-varying p_max_pu by setting `p_min_pu = p_max_pu` and adds an auxiliary curtailment generator (with negative sign to absorb excess power) at every AC bus. This can speed up the solving process as the curtailment decision is aggregated into a single generator per region. Defaults to `false`.
`noisy_costs`	boolean	`true`	Add random noise to marginal cost of generators by `\mathcal{U}(0.009,0,011)` and capital cost of lines and links by `\mathcal{U}(0.09,0,11)`.
`skip_iterations`	boolean	`true`	Skip iterating, do not update impedances of branches. Defaults to true.
`rolling_horizon`	boolean	`false`	Switch for rule `solve_operations_network` whether to optimize the network in a rolling horizon manner, where the snapshot range is split into slices of size `horizon` which are solved consecutively. This setting has currently no effect on sector-coupled networks.
`seed`	integer	`123`	Random seed for increased deterministic behaviour.
`custom_extra_functionality`	string \| null	`../data/custom_extra_functionality.py`	Path to a Python file with custom extra functionality code to be injected into the solving rules of the workflow relative to `rules` directory.
`io_api`	string \| null		Passed to linopy and determines the API used to communicate with the solver. With the `'lp'` and `'mps'` options linopy passes a file to the solver; with the `'direct'` option (only supported for HIGHS and Gurobi) linopy uses an in-memory python API resulting in better performance.
`track_iterations`	boolean	`false`	Flag whether to store the intermediate branch capacities and objective function values are recorded for each iteration in `network.lines['s_nom_opt_X']` (where `X` labels the iteration)
`min_iterations`	integer	`2`	Minimum number of solving iterations in between which resistance and reactence (`x/r`) are updated for branches according to `s_nom_opt` of the previous run.
`max_iterations`	integer	`3`	Maximum number of solving iterations in between which resistance and reactence (`x/r`) are updated for branches according to `s_nom_opt` of the previous run.
`transmission_losses`	integer	`2`	Add piecewise linear approximation of transmission losses based on n tangents. Defaults to 0, which means losses are ignored.
`linearized_unit_commitment`	boolean	`true`	Whether to optimise using the linearized unit commitment formulation.
`horizon`	integer	`365`	Number of snapshots to consider in each iteration. Defaults to 100.
`overlap`	integer	`0`	Number of overlapping snapshots between consecutive iterations in rolling horizon optimization. Defaults to 0, which means no overlap.
`post_discretization`	any		Configuration for `solving.options.post_discretization` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`false`	Switch to enable post-discretization of the network. Disabled by default.
`line_unit_size`	number	`1700`	Discrete unit size of lines in MW.
`line_threshold`	number	`0.3`	The threshold relative to the discrete line unit size beyond which to round up to the next unit.
`link_unit_size`	dict (str -> number)		Discrete unit size of links in MW by carrier (given in dictionary style).
`link_threshold`	dict (str -> number)		The threshold relative to the discrete link unit size beyond which to round up to the next unit by carrier (given in dictionary style).
`fractional_last_unit_size`	boolean	`false`	When true, links and lines can be built up to p_nom_max. When false, they can only be built up to a multiple of the unit size.
`keep_files`	boolean	`false`	Whether to keep LPs and MPS files after solving.
`store_model`	boolean	`false`	Store the linopy model to a NetCDF file after solving. Not supported with rolling_horizon. Not scenario-aware.
`model_kwargs`	any		Configuration for `solving.options.model_kwargs` settings.
`solver_dir`	string	`""`	Absolute path to the directory where linopy saves files.
`agg_p_nom_limits`	any		Configuration for `solving.agg_p_nom_limits` settings.
`agg_offwind`	boolean	`false`	Aggregate together all the types of offwind when writing the constraint (`offwind-all` as a carrier in the `.csv` file). Default is false.
`agg_solar`	boolean	`false`	Aggregate together all the types of electric solar when writing the constraint (`solar-all` as a carrier in the `.csv` file). Default is false.
`include_existing`	boolean	`false`	Take existing capacities into account when writing the constraint. Default is false.
`file`	string	`data/agg_p_nom_minmax.csv`	Reference to `.csv` file specifying per carrier generator nominal capacity constraints for individual countries and planning horizons. Defaults to `data/agg_p_nom_minmax.csv`.
`constraints`	any		Configuration for `solving.constraints` settings.
`CCL`	boolean	`false`	Add minimum and maximum levels of generator nominal capacity per carrier for individual countries. These can be specified in the file linked at `electricity: agg_p_nom_limits` in the configuration. File defaults to `data/agg_p_nom_minmax.csv`. Does not work with a time resolution resampling.
`EQ`	boolean \| string	`false`	Require each country or node to on average produce a minimal share of its total consumption itself. Example: `EQ0.5c` demands each country to produce on average at least 50% of its consumption; `EQ0.5` demands each node to produce on average at least 50% of its consumption.
`BAU`	boolean	`false`	Add a per-`carrier` minimal overall capacity; i.e. at least `40GW` of `OCGT` in Europe; configured in `electricity: BAU_mincapacities`
`SAFE`	boolean	`false`	Add a capacity reserve margin of a certain fraction above the peak demand to which renewable generators and storage do not contribute. Ignores network.
`solver`	any		Configuration for `solving.solver` settings.
`name`	string	`gurobi`	Solver to use for optimisation problems in the workflow; e.g. clustering and linear optimal power flow.
`options`	string	`gurobi-default`	Link to specific parameter settings.
`solver_options`	dict (str -> object)		Dictionaries with solver-specific parameter settings.
`check_objective`	any		Configuration for `solving.check_objective` settings.
`enable`	boolean	`false`	Enable objective value checking.
`expected_value`	number \| null		Expected objective value.
`atol`	number	`1000000`	Absolute tolerance.
`rtol`	number	`0.01`	Relative tolerance.
`oetc`	any \| null		Configuration options for Open Energy Transition Computing (OETC) cluster support.
`name`	string	`pypsa-eur`	Name identifier for the OETC job.
`authentication_server_url`	string	`""`	URL of the OETC authentication server for job submission.
`orchestrator_server_url`	string	`""`	URL of the OETC orchestrator server for job management.
`cpu_cores`	integer	`8`	Number of CPU cores to request for the OETC job. (includes RAM amount at the moment with a factor of 8)
`disk_space_gb`	integer	`50`	Amount of disk space in gigabytes to request for the OETC job.
`delete_worker_on_error`	boolean	`true`	Whether to delete the worker instance when an error occurs during job execution.
`mem_mb`	integer	`128000`	Estimated maximum memory requirement for solving networks (MB).
`memory_logging_frequency`	integer	`5`	Interval in seconds at which memory usage is logged.
`runtime`	string	`48h`	Runtime in humanfriendly style.

YAML Syntax

solving:
  options:
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
    load_shedding:
      enable: false
      default_cost: 100000
      all_carriers: true
      carriers: {}
    load_sinks:
      enable: false
      default_cost: 100000
      all_carriers: false
      carriers: {}
    curtailment_mode: false
    noisy_costs: true
    skip_iterations: true
    rolling_horizon: false
    seed: 123
    custom_extra_functionality: ../data/custom_extra_functionality.py
    io_api:
    track_iterations: false
    min_iterations: 2
    max_iterations: 3
    transmission_losses: 2
    linearized_unit_commitment: true
    horizon: 365
    overlap: 0
    post_discretization:
      enable: false
      line_unit_size: 1700
      line_threshold: 0.3
      link_unit_size:
        DC: 2000
        H2 pipeline: 1200
        gas pipeline: 1500
      link_threshold:
        DC: 0.3
        H2 pipeline: 0.3
        gas pipeline: 0.3
      fractional_last_unit_size: false
    keep_files: false
    store_model: false
    model_kwargs:
      solver_dir: ""
  agg_p_nom_limits:
    agg_offwind: false
    agg_solar: false
    include_existing: false
    file: data/agg_p_nom_minmax.csv
  constraints:
    CCL: false
    EQ: false
    BAU: false
    SAFE: false
  solver:
    name: gurobi
    options: "gurobi-default"
  solver_options:
    "highs-default":
      threads: 1
      solver: ipm
      run_crossover: 'off'
      small_matrix_value: 1.0e-06
      large_matrix_value: 1000000000.0
      primal_feasibility_tolerance: 1.0e-05
      dual_feasibility_tolerance: 1.0e-05
      ipm_optimality_tolerance: 0.0001
      parallel: 'on'
      random_seed: 123
    "highs-simplex":
      solver: simplex
      parallel: 'on'
      primal_feasibility_tolerance: 1.0e-05
      dual_feasibility_tolerance: 1.0e-05
      random_seed: 123
    "gurobi-default":
      threads: 32
      method: 2
      crossover: 0
      BarConvTol: 1.0e-05
      Seed: 123
      AggFill: 0
      PreDual: 0
      GURO_PAR_BARDENSETHRESH: 200
      IISMethod: 1
    "gurobi-numeric-focus":
      NumericFocus: 3
      method: 2
      crossover: 0
      BarHomogeneous: 1
      BarConvTol: 1.0e-05
      FeasibilityTol: 0.0001
      OptimalityTol: 0.0001
      ObjScale: -0.5
      threads: 8
      Seed: 123
    "gurobi-fallback":
      crossover: 0
      method: 2
      BarHomogeneous: 1
      BarConvTol: 1.0e-05
      FeasibilityTol: 1.0e-05
      OptimalityTol: 1.0e-05
      Seed: 123
      threads: 8
    "cplex-default":
      threads: 4
      lpmethod: 4
      solutiontype: 2
      barrier.convergetol: 1.0e-05
      feasopt.tolerance: 1.0e-06
    "copt-default":
      Threads: 8
      LpMethod: 2
      Crossover: 0
      RelGap: 1.0e-06
      Dualize: 0
    "copt-gpu":
      LpMethod: 6
      GPUMode: 1
      PDLPTol: 1.0e-05
      Crossover: 0
    "xpress-default":
      threads: 8
      lpflags: 4
      crossover: 0
      bargaptarget: 1.0e-05
      baralg: 2
    "xpress-gpu":
      lpflags: 4
      crossover: 0
      baralg: 4
      barhggpu: 1
      barhgreltol: 1.0e-05
    "cbc-default": {}
    "glpk-default": {}
  check_objective:
    enable: false
    expected_value:
    atol: 1000000
    rtol: 0.01
  oetc:
  mem_mb: 128000
  memory_logging_frequency: 5
  runtime: 48h

`data`¶

Controls which versions of input data are used for building the model. Versions that are available for each dataset can be found in data/versions.csv. By default, we retrieve the latest supported version for each dataset from an archive source. This means that when upgrading between PyPSA-Eur versions, new versions of input data may also be downloaded and used. To freeze a model to a specific version of input data, you can set a specific version in the version field for each dataset to one specific version as listed in data/versions.csv.

Some datasets support primary or build as a source option, meaning that the data can be retrieved from the original data source or build it from the latest available data. See the data/versions.csv file for all available datasets and their sources/versions that are supported.

Details

Configuration for data settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`hotmaps_industrial_sites`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`enspreso_biomass`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`osm`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`worldbank_urban_population`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`worldbank_commodity_prices`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`gem_europe_gas_tracker`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`gem_gcct`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`instrat_co2_prices`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`co2stop`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`nitrogen_statistics`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`eu_nuts2013`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`eu_nuts2021`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`eurostat_balances`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`eurostat_household_balances`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`wdpa`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`wdpa_marine`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`luisa_land_cover`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`jrc_idees`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`scigrid_gas`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`seawater_temperature`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`swiss_energy_balances`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`synthetic_electricity_demand`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`opsd_electricity_demand`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`entsoe_electricity_demand`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`neso_electricity_demand`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`copernicus_land_cover`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`ship_raster`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`eez`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`nuts3_population`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`gdp_per_capita`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`population_count`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`ghg_emissions`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`gebco`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`attributed_ports`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`corine`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`emobility`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`h2_salt_caverns`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`lau_regions`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`aquifer_data`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`osm_boundaries`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`gem_gspt`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`tyndp`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`powerplants`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`costs`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`country_runoff`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`country_hdd`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`natura`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`bfs_road_vehicle_stock`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`bfs_gdp_and_population`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`mobility_profiles`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`cutout`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`dh_areas`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`geothermal_heat_utilisation_potentials`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`jrc_ardeco`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`jrc_energy_atlas`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`desnz_electricity_consumption`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`ons_lad`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`bidding_zones_electricitymaps`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.
`bidding_zones_entsoepy`	any		Configuration for a single data source.
`source`	enum (`archive`, `primary`, `build`)	`archive`	Source of the data. 'archive' retrieves pre-built data, 'primary' retrieves from primary source.
`version`	string	`latest`	Version of the data to use. Uses the specific 'version' for the selected 'source' or the dataset tagged 'latest' for this source.

YAML Syntax

```yaml data:

hotmaps_industrial_sites: source: archive version: latest enspreso_biomass: source: archive version: latest osm: source: archive version: latest worldbank_urban_population: source: archive version: latest worldbank_commodity_prices: source: archive version: latest gem_europe_gas_tracker: source: archive version: latest gem_gcct: source: archive version: latest instrat_co2_prices: source: primary version: latest co2stop: source: archive version: latest nitrogen_statistics: source: archive version: latest eu_nuts2013: source: archive version: latest eu_nuts2021: source: archive version: latest eurostat_balances: source: archive version: latest eurostat_household_balances: source: archive version: latest wdpa: source: archive version: latest wdpa_marine: source: archive version: latest luisa_land_cover: source: archive version: latest jrc_idees: source: archive version: latest scigrid_gas: source: primary version: latest seawater_temperature: source: archive version: latest swiss_energy_balances: source: primary version: latest synthetic_electricity_demand: source: primary version: latest opsd_electricity_demand: source: archive version: latest entsoe_electricity_demand: source: archive version: latest neso_electricity_demand: source: archive version: latest copernicus_land_cover: source: primary version: latest ship_raster: source: archive version: latest eez: source: archive version: latest nuts3_population: source: archive version: latest gdp_per_capita: source: archive version: latest population_count: source: archive version: latest ghg_emissions: source: archive version: latest gebco: source: archive version: latest attributed_ports: source: archive version: latest corine: source: archive version: latest emobility: source: archive version: latest h2_salt_caverns: source: archive version: latest lau_regions: source: archive version: latest aquifer_data: source: archive version: latest osm_boundaries: source: archive version: latest gem_gspt: source: archive version: latest tyndp: source: archive version: latest powerplants: source: archive version: latest costs: source: archive version: latest country_runoff: source: archive version: latest country_hdd: source: archive version: latest natura: source: archive version: latest bfs_road_vehicle_stock: source: primary version: latest bfs_gdp_and_population: source: primary version: latest mobility_profiles: source: archive version: latest cutout: source: archive version: latest dh_areas: source: archive version: latest geothermal_heat_utilisation_potentials: source: archive version: latest jrc_ardeco: source: archive version: latest jrc_energy_atlas: source: archive version: latest desnz_electricity_consumption: source: archive version: latest ons_lad: source: archive version: latest bidding_zones_electricitymaps: source: archive version: latest bidding_zones_entsoepy: source: archive version: latest ```

`overpass_api`¶

Configuration for overpass_api settings.

Property	Type	Default	Description
`url`	string	`https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter`	Overpass API endpoint URL. See Overpass API Wiki for available public instances.
`max_tries`	integer	`5`	Maximum retry attempts for Overpass API requests. Please be respectful to the Overpass API fair use policy of the individual instances.
`timeout`	integer	`600`	Timeout in seconds for Overpass API requests.
`user_agent`	any		Configuration for `overpass_api.user_agent` settings.
`project_name`	string	`PyPSA-Eur`	Project name used to identify the user agent of the Overpass API requests.
`email`	string	`contact@pypsa.org`	Contact email address for the project using the Overpass API.
`website`	string	`https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur`	Website URL for the project using the Overpass API.

YAML Syntax

overpass_api:
  url: "https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter"
  max_tries: 5
  timeout: 600
  user_agent:
    project_name: "PyPSA-Eur"
    email: "contact@pypsa.org"
    website: "https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur"

`secrets`¶

Schema path /$defs/SecretsConfig not found.

YAML Syntax

%YAML 1.1
---
# yaml-language-server: $schema=./schema.default.json

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#version
version: v2026.02.0

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#tutorial
tutorial: false

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#logging
logging:
  level: INFO
  format: "%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s"

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#remote
remote:
  ssh: ""
  path: ""

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#run
run:
  prefix: ""
  name: ""
  scenarios:
    enable: false
    file: config/scenarios.yaml
  disable_progressbar: false
  shared_resources:
    policy: false
    exclude: []
  use_shadow_directory: false

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#foresight
foresight: overnight

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#scenario
scenario:
  clusters:
  - 50
  opts:
  - ""
  sector_opts:
  - ""
  planning_horizons:
  - 2050

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#countries
countries:
- AL
- AT
- BA
- BE
- BG
- CH
- CZ
- DE
- DK
- EE
- ES
- FI
- FR
- GB
- GR
- HR
- HU
- IE
- IT
- LT
- LU
- LV
- ME
- MK
- NL
- 'NO'
- PL
- PT
- RO
- RS
- SE
- SI
- SK
- XK

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#snapshots
snapshots:
  start: "2013-01-01"
  end: "2014-01-01"
  inclusive: left

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#enable
enable:
  drop_leap_day: true

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#co2_budget
co2_budget:
  2020: 0.72
  2025: 0.648
  2030: 0.45
  2035: 0.25
  2040: 0.1
  2045: 0.05
  2050: 0.0

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#electricity
electricity:
  voltages:
  - 220.0
  - 300.0
  - 330.0
  - 380.0
  - 400.0
  - 500.0
  - 750.0
  base_network: osm
  gaslimit_enable: false
  gaslimit: false
  co2limit_enable: false
  co2limit: 77500000.0
  co2base: 1487000000.0
  operational_reserve:
    activate: false
    epsilon_load: 0.02
    epsilon_vres: 0.02
    contingency: 4000
  max_hours:
    battery: 6
    "li-ion": 6
    lfp: 6
    vanadium: 10
    lair: 12
    pair: 24
    "iron-air": 100
    H2: 168
  extendable_carriers:
    Generator:
    - solar
    - "solar-hsat"
    - onwind
    - "offwind-ac"
    - "offwind-dc"
    - "offwind-float"
    - OCGT
    - CCGT
    StorageUnit: []
    Store:
    - battery
    - H2
    Link: []
  powerplants_filter: "(DateOut > 2025 or DateOut != DateOut) and (DateIn < 2026 or DateIn != DateIn)"
  custom_powerplants: false
  everywhere_powerplants: []
  conventional_carriers:
  - nuclear
  - oil
  - OCGT
  - CCGT
  - coal
  - lignite
  - geothermal
  - waste
  - biomass
  renewable_carriers:
  - solar
  - "solar-hsat"
  - onwind
  - "offwind-ac"
  - "offwind-dc"
  - "offwind-float"
  - hydro
  estimate_renewable_capacities:
    enable: true
    from_powerplantmatching: true
    from_irenastat: false
    year: 2024
    expansion_limit: false
    technology_mapping:
      Offshore: "offwind-ac"
      Onshore: onwind
      PV: solar
  estimate_battery_capacities: false
  autarky:
    enable: false
    by_country: false
  transmission_limit: vopt

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#atlite
atlite:
  default_cutout: "europe-2013-sarah3-era5"
  nprocesses: 1
  show_progress: false
  plot_availability_matrix: false
  cutouts:
    "europe-1940-2024-era5":
      module: era5
      x:
      - -12.0
      - 42.0
      'y':
      - 33.0
      - 72.0
      dx: 0.3
      dy: 0.3
      time:
      - '2013'
      - '2013'
      chunks:
        time: 500
      prepare_kwargs:
        features:
        - temperature
        - height
        - runoff
        sarah_dir:
        monthly_requests: true
        tmpdir: ./cutouts_tmp/

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#renewable
renewable:
  onwind:
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: Vestas_V112_3MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 3
    correction_factor: 1.0
    corine:
      grid_codes:
      - 12
      - 13
      - 14
      - 15
      - 16
      - 17
      - 18
      - 19
      - 20
      - 21
      - 22
      - 23
      - 24
      - 25
      - 26
      - 27
      - 28
      - 29
      - 31
      - 32
      distance: 1000.0
      distance_grid_codes:
      - 1
      - 2
      - 3
      - 4
      - 5
      - 6
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
  "offwind-ac":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_2020ATB_5.5MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    corine: false
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    max_depth: 60.0
    min_depth:
    max_shore_distance: 30000.0
    min_shore_distance:
    excluder_resolution: 200
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
    landfall_length: 20.0
  "offwind-dc":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_2020ATB_5.5MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    corine: false
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    max_depth: 60.0
    min_depth:
    max_shore_distance:
    min_shore_distance: 30000.0
    excluder_resolution: 200
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
    landfall_length: 30.0
  "offwind-float":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_5MW_offshore
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    corine: false
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    max_depth: 1000.0
    min_depth: 60.0
    max_shore_distance:
    min_shore_distance:
    excluder_resolution: 200
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
    landfall_length: 40.0
  solar:
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: pv
      panel: CSi
      orientation:
        slope: 35.0
        azimuth: 180.0
      tracking:
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 5.1
    correction_factor: 1.0
    corine:
    - 1
    - 2
    - 3
    - 4
    - 5
    - 6
    - 7
    - 8
    - 9
    - 10
    - 11
    - 12
    - 13
    - 14
    - 15
    - 16
    - 17
    - 18
    - 19
    - 20
    - 26
    - 31
    - 32
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
  "solar-hsat":
    cutout: default
    resource:
      method: pv
      panel: CSi
      orientation:
        slope: 35.0
        azimuth: 180.0
      tracking: horizontal
    resource_classes: 1
    capacity_per_sqkm: 4.43
    correction_factor: 1.0
    corine:
    - 1
    - 2
    - 3
    - 4
    - 5
    - 6
    - 7
    - 8
    - 9
    - 10
    - 11
    - 12
    - 13
    - 14
    - 15
    - 16
    - 17
    - 18
    - 19
    - 20
    - 26
    - 31
    - 32
    luisa: false
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
  hydro:
    cutout: default
    carriers:
    - ror
    - PHS
    - hydro
    PHS_max_hours: 6
    hydro_max_hours: energy_capacity_totals_by_country
    flatten_dispatch: false
    flatten_dispatch_buffer: 0.2
    clip_min_inflow: 1.0
    eia_norm_year: false
    eia_correct_by_capacity: false
    eia_approximate_missing: false

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#conventional
conventional:
  unit_commitment: false
  dynamic_fuel_price: false
  fuel_price_rolling_window: 6
  nuclear:
    p_max_pu: data/nuclear_p_max_pu.csv

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#lines
lines:
  types:
    63.0: "94-AL1/15-ST1A 20.0"
    66.0: "94-AL1/15-ST1A 20.0"
    90.0: "184-AL1/30-ST1A 110.0"
    110.0: "184-AL1/30-ST1A 110.0"
    132.0: "243-AL1/39-ST1A 110.0"
    150.0: "243-AL1/39-ST1A 110.0"
    220.0: "Al/St 240/40 2-bundle 220.0"
    300.0: "Al/St 240/40 3-bundle 300.0"
    330.0: "Al/St 240/40 3-bundle 300.0"
    380.0: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
    400.0: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
    500.0: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
    750.0: "Al/St 560/50 4-bundle 750.0"
  s_max_pu: 0.7
  s_nom_max: .inf
  max_extension: 20000
  length_factor: 1.25
  reconnect_crimea: true
  under_construction: keep
  dynamic_line_rating:
    activate: false
    cutout: default
    correction_factor: 0.95
    max_voltage_difference: false
    max_line_rating: false

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#links
links:
  p_max_pu: 1.0
  p_min_pu: -1.0
  p_nom_max: .inf
  max_extension: 30000
  length_factor: 1.25
  under_construction: keep

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#transmission_projects
transmission_projects:
  enable: true
  include:
    tyndp2020: true
    nep: true
    manual: true
  skip:
  - upgraded_lines
  - upgraded_links
  status:
  - under_construction
  - in_permitting
  - confirmed
  new_link_capacity: zero

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#transformers
transformers:
  x: 0.1
  s_nom: 2000.0
  type: ""

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#load
load:
  fill_gaps:
    enable: true
    interpolate_limit: 6
    time_shift_for_large_gaps: 1w
  manual_adjustments: true
  scaling_factor: 1.0
  fixed_year: false
  supplement_synthetic: true
  substation_only: true
  distribution_key:
    gdp: 0.6
    population: 0.4

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#pypsa_eur
pypsa_eur:
  Bus:
  - AC
  Link:
  - DC
  Generator:
  - onwind
  - "offwind-ac"
  - "offwind-dc"
  - "offwind-float"
  - "solar-hsat"
  - solar
  - ror
  - nuclear
  StorageUnit:
  - PHS
  - hydro
  Store: []

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#energy
energy:
  energy_totals_year: 2023
  base_emissions_year: 1990
  emissions: CO2

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#biomass
biomass:
  year: 2030
  scenario: ENS_Med
  classes:
    solid biomass:
    - Agricultural waste
    - Fuelwood residues
    - "Secondary Forestry residues - woodchips"
    - Sawdust
    - Residues from landscape care
    not included:
    - Sugar from sugar beet
    - Rape seed
    - 'Sunflower, soya seed '
    - Bioethanol barley, wheat, grain maize, oats, other cereals and rye
    - Miscanthus, switchgrass, RCG
    - Willow
    - Poplar
    - FuelwoodRW
    - "C&P_RW"
    biogas:
    - Manure solid, liquid
    - Sludge
    municipal solid waste:
    - Municipal waste
  share_unsustainable_use_retained:
    2020: 1
    2025: 1
    2030: 0.66
    2035: 0.33
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  share_sustainable_potential_available:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0.33
    2035: 0.66
    2040: 1
    2045: 1
    2050: 1

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#solar_thermal
solar_thermal:
  clearsky_model: simple
  orientation:
    slope: 45.0
    azimuth: 180.0
  cutout: default

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#existing_capacities
existing_capacities:
  grouping_years_power:
  - 1900
  - 1950
  - 1955
  - 1960
  - 1965
  - 1970
  - 1975
  - 1980
  - 1985
  - 1990
  - 1995
  - 2000
  - 2005
  - 2010
  - 2015
  - 2020
  - 2025
  - 2030
  grouping_years_heat:
  - 1980
  - 1985
  - 1990
  - 1995
  - 2000
  - 2005
  - 2010
  - 2015
  - 2019
  threshold_capacity: 10
  default_heating_lifetime: 20
  solar_rooftop_ratio: 0.5
  conventional_carriers:
  - lignite
  - coal
  - oil
  - uranium

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#sector
sector:
  transport: true
  heating: true
  biomass: true
  industry: true
  shipping: true
  aviation: true
  agriculture: true
  fossil_fuels: true
  district_heating:
    potential: 0.6
    progress:
      2020: 0.0
      2025: 0.1
      2030: 0.25
      2035: 0.4
      2040: 0.55
      2045: 0.75
      2050: 1.0
    district_heating_loss: 0.15
    supply_temperature_approximation:
      max_forward_temperature_baseyear:
        FR: 110
        DK: 75
        DE: 109
        CZ: 130
        FI: 115
        PL: 130
        SE: 102
        IT: 90
      min_forward_temperature_baseyear:
        DE: 82
      return_temperature_baseyear:
        DE: 58
      lower_threshold_ambient_temperature: 0
      upper_threshold_ambient_temperature: 10
      rolling_window_ambient_temperature: 72
      relative_annual_temperature_reduction: 0.01
    ptes:
      dynamic_capacity: false
      supplemental_heating:
        enable: false
        booster_heat_pump: false
      max_top_temperature: 90
      min_bottom_temperature: 35
    ates:
      enable: false
      suitable_aquifer_types:
      - Highly productive porous aquifers
      aquifer_volumetric_heat_capacity: 2600
      fraction_of_aquifer_area_available: 0.2
      effective_screen_length: 20
      capex_as_fraction_of_geothermal_heat_source: 0.75
      recovery_factor: 0.6
      marginal_cost_charger: 0.035
      ignore_missing_regions: false
    heat_source_cooling: 6
    heat_pump_cop_approximation:
      refrigerant: ammonia
      heat_exchanger_pinch_point_temperature_difference: 5
      isentropic_compressor_efficiency: 0.8
      heat_loss: 0.0
      min_delta_t_lift: 10
    limited_heat_sources:
      geothermal:
        constant_temperature_celsius: 65
        ignore_missing_regions: false
      river_water:
        constant_temperature_celsius: false
    direct_utilisation_heat_sources:
    - geothermal
    temperature_limited_stores:
    - ptes
    dh_areas:
      buffer: 1000
      handle_missing_countries: fill
  heat_pump_sources:
    urban central:
    - air
    urban decentral:
    - air
    rural:
    - air
    - ground
  residential_heat:
    dsm:
      enable: false
      direction:
      - overheat
      - undercool
      restriction_value:
        2020: 0.06
        2025: 0.16
        2030: 0.27
        2035: 0.36
        2040: 0.38
        2045: 0.39
        2050: 0.4
      restriction_time:
      - 10
      - 22
  cluster_heat_buses: true
  heat_demand_cutout: default
  bev_dsm_restriction_value: 0.8
  bev_dsm_restriction_time: 7
  transport_heating_deadband_upper: 20.0
  transport_heating_deadband_lower: 15.0
  ICE_lower_degree_factor: 0.375
  ICE_upper_degree_factor: 1.6
  EV_lower_degree_factor: 0.98
  EV_upper_degree_factor: 0.63
  bev_dsm: true
  bev_dsm_availability: 0.5
  bev_energy: 0.05
  bev_charge_efficiency: 0.9
  bev_charge_rate: 0.011
  bev_avail_max: 0.95
  bev_avail_mean: 0.8
  v2g: true
  land_transport_fuel_cell_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0
    2035: 0
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  land_transport_electric_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0.05
    2030: 0.2
    2035: 0.45
    2040: 0.7
    2045: 0.85
    2050: 1
  land_transport_ice_share:
    2020: 1
    2025: 0.95
    2030: 0.8
    2035: 0.55
    2040: 0.3
    2045: 0.15
    2050: 0
  transport_electric_efficiency: 53.19
  transport_fuel_cell_efficiency: 30.003
  transport_ice_efficiency: 16.0712
  agriculture_machinery_electric_share: 0.5
  agriculture_machinery_oil_share: 0.5
  agriculture_machinery_fuel_efficiency: 0.7
  agriculture_machinery_electric_efficiency: 0.3
  shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction: false
  shipping_hydrogen_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0
    2035: 0
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  shipping_methanol_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0.15
    2035: 0.35
    2040: 0.55
    2045: 0.8
    2050: 1
  shipping_oil_share:
    2020: 1
    2025: 1
    2030: 0.85
    2035: 0.65
    2040: 0.45
    2045: 0.2
    2050: 0
  shipping_methanol_efficiency: 0.46
  shipping_oil_efficiency: 0.4
  aviation_demand_factor: 1.0
  HVC_demand_factor: 1.0
  time_dep_hp_cop: true
  heat_pump_sink_T_individual_heating: 55.0
  reduce_space_heat_exogenously: true
  reduce_space_heat_exogenously_factor:
    2020: 0.1
    2025: 0.09
    2030: 0.09
    2035: 0.11
    2040: 0.16
    2045: 0.21
    2050: 0.29
  retrofitting:
    retro_endogen: false
    cost_factor: 1.0
    interest_rate: 0.04
    annualise_cost: true
    tax_weighting: false
    construction_index: true
  tes: true
  boilers: true
  resistive_heaters: true
  oil_boilers: false
  biomass_boiler: true
  overdimension_heat_generators:
    decentral: 1.1
    central: 1.0
  chp:
    enable: true
    fuel:
    - solid biomass
    - gas
    micro_chp: false
  solar_thermal: true
  solar_cf_correction: 0.788457
  methanation: true
  coal_cc: false
  dac: true
  co2_vent: false
  heat_vent:
    urban central: true
    urban decentral: true
    rural: true
  marginal_cost_heat_vent: 0.02
  allam_cycle_gas: false
  hydrogen_fuel_cell: true
  hydrogen_turbine: true
  SMR: true
  SMR_cc: true
  regional_oil_demand: true
  regional_coal_demand: false
  regional_co2_sequestration_potential:
    enable: true
    attribute:
    - conservative estimate Mt
    - conservative estimate GAS Mt
    - conservative estimate OIL Mt
    - conservative estimate aquifer Mt
    include_onshore: false
    min_size: 3
    max_size: 25
    years_of_storage: 25
  co2_sequestration_potential:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 40
    2035: 100
    2040: 180
    2045: 250
    2050: 250
  co2_sequestration_cost: 30
  co2_sequestration_lifetime: 50
  co2_spatial: true
  co2_network: true
  co2_network_cost_factor: 1
  cc_fraction: 0.9
  hydrogen_underground_storage: true
  hydrogen_underground_storage_locations:
  - onshore
  - nearshore
  methanol:
    regional_methanol_demand: false
    methanol_reforming: false
    methanol_reforming_cc: false
    methanol_to_kerosene: false
    methanol_to_power:
      ccgt: false
      ccgt_cc: false
      ocgt: true
      allam: false
    biomass_to_methanol: true
    biomass_to_methanol_cc: false
  ammonia: true
  min_part_load_electrolysis: 0
  min_part_load_fischer_tropsch: 0.5
  min_part_load_methanolisation: 0.3
  min_part_load_methanation: 0.3
  use_fischer_tropsch_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_haber_bosch_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_methanolisation_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_methanation_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_fuel_cell_waste_heat: 1
  use_electrolysis_waste_heat: 0.25
  electricity_transmission_grid: true
  electricity_distribution_grid: true
  electricity_distribution_grid_cost_factor: 1.0
  electricity_grid_connection: true
  transmission_efficiency:
    enable:
    - DC
    - H2 pipeline
    - gas pipeline
    - electricity distribution grid
    DC:
      efficiency_static: 0.98
      efficiency_per_1000km: 0.977
    H2 pipeline:
      efficiency_per_1000km: 1
      compression_per_1000km: 0.018
    gas pipeline:
      efficiency_per_1000km: 1
      compression_per_1000km: 0.01
    electricity distribution grid:
      efficiency_static: 0.97
  H2_network: true
  gas_network: true
  H2_retrofit: false
  H2_retrofit_capacity_per_CH4: 0.6
  gas_network_connectivity_upgrade: 1
  gas_distribution_grid: true
  gas_distribution_grid_cost_factor: 1.0
  biomass_spatial: true
  biomass_transport: false
  biogas_upgrading: true
  biogas_upgrading_cc: false
  conventional_generation:
    OCGT: gas
    CCGT: gas
  biomass_to_liquid: true
  biomass_to_liquid_cc: false
  electrobiofuels: true
  biosng: false
  biosng_cc: false
  bioH2: false
  municipal_solid_waste: false
  limit_max_growth:
    enable: false
    factor: 1.3
    max_growth:
      onwind: 16
      solar: 28
      "offwind-ac": 35
      "offwind-dc": 35
    max_relative_growth:
      onwind: 3
      solar: 3
      "offwind-ac": 3
      "offwind-dc": 3
  enhanced_geothermal:
    enable: false
    flexible: true
    max_hours: 240
    max_boost: 0.25
    var_cf: true
    sustainability_factor: 0.0025
  solid_biomass_import:
    enable: false
    price: 54
    max_amount: 1390
    upstream_emissions_factor: 0.1
  imports:
    enable: false
    limit: .inf
    limit_sense: "<="
    price:
      H2: 74
      NH3: 97
      methanol: 121
      gas: 122
      oil: 125

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#industry
industry:
  St_primary_fraction:
    2020: 0.6
    2025: 0.55
    2030: 0.5
    2035: 0.45
    2040: 0.4
    2045: 0.35
    2050: 0.3
  DRI_fraction:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0.05
    2035: 0.2
    2040: 0.4
    2045: 0.7
    2050: 1
  H2_DRI: 1.7
  elec_DRI: 0.322
  Al_primary_fraction:
    2020: 0.4
    2025: 0.375
    2030: 0.35
    2035: 0.325
    2040: 0.3
    2045: 0.25
    2050: 0.2
  MWh_NH3_per_tNH3: 5.166
  MWh_CH4_per_tNH3_SMR: 10.8
  MWh_elec_per_tNH3_SMR: 0.7
  MWh_H2_per_tNH3_electrolysis: 5.93
  MWh_elec_per_tNH3_electrolysis: 0.2473
  MWh_NH3_per_MWh_H2_cracker: 1.46
  NH3_process_emissions: 24.5
  petrochemical_process_emissions: 25.5
  HVC_primary_fraction:
    2020: 0.88
    2025: 0.85
    2030: 0.78
    2035: 0.7
    2040: 0.6
    2045: 0.5
    2050: 0.4
  HVC_mechanical_recycling_fraction:
    2020: 0.12
    2025: 0.15
    2030: 0.18
    2035: 0.21
    2040: 0.24
    2045: 0.27
    2050: 0.3
  HVC_chemical_recycling_fraction:
    2020: 0.0
    2025: 0.0
    2030: 0.04
    2035: 0.08
    2040: 0.12
    2045: 0.16
    2050: 0.2
  HVC_environment_sequestration_fraction: 0.0
  waste_to_energy: false
  waste_to_energy_cc: false
  sector_ratios_fraction_future:
    2020: 0.0
    2025: 0.05
    2030: 0.2
    2035: 0.45
    2040: 0.7
    2045: 0.85
    2050: 1.0
  basic_chemicals_without_NH3_production_today: 69.0
  HVC_production_today: 52.0
  MWh_elec_per_tHVC_mechanical_recycling: 0.547
  MWh_elec_per_tHVC_chemical_recycling: 6.9
  chlorine_production_today: 9.58
  MWh_elec_per_tCl: 3.6
  MWh_H2_per_tCl: -0.9372
  methanol_production_today: 1.5
  MWh_elec_per_tMeOH: 0.167
  MWh_CH4_per_tMeOH: 10.25
  MWh_MeOH_per_tMeOH: 5.528
  hotmaps_locate_missing: false
  reference_year: 2023
  oil_refining_emissions: 0.013

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#costs
costs:
  year: 2050
  social_discountrate: 0.02
  fill_values:
    FOM: 0
    VOM: 0
    efficiency: 1
    fuel: 0
    investment: 0
    lifetime: 25
    CO2 intensity: 0
    discount rate: 0.07
    standing losses: 0
  custom_cost_fn: data/custom_costs.csv
  overwrites: {}
  capital_cost: {}
  marginal_cost: {}
  emission_prices:
    enable: false
    co2: 0.0
    dynamic: false
    rolling_window: 90

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#clustering
clustering:
  mode: busmap
  administrative:
    level: 1
    countries: {}
  focus_weights: false
  copperplate_regions: []
  build_bidding_zones:
    remove_islands: false
    aggregate_to_tyndp: false
  simplify_network:
    to_substations: false
    remove_stubs: true
    remove_stubs_across_borders: false
  cluster_network:
    algorithm: kmeans
    hac_features:
    - wnd100m
    - influx_direct
  exclude_carriers: []
  consider_efficiency_classes: false
  aggregation_strategies:
    generators:
      committable: any
      ramp_limit_up: max
      ramp_limit_down: max
    buses: {}
  temporal:
    resolution_elec: false
    resolution_sector: false

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#adjustments
adjustments:
  electricity: false
  sector:
    factor:
      Link:
        electricity distribution grid:
          capital_cost: 1.0
    absolute: false

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#solving
solving:
  options:
    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
    load_shedding:
      enable: false
      default_cost: 100000
      all_carriers: true
      carriers: {}
    load_sinks:
      enable: false
      default_cost: 100000
      all_carriers: false
      carriers: {}
    curtailment_mode: false
    noisy_costs: true
    skip_iterations: true
    rolling_horizon: false
    seed: 123
    custom_extra_functionality: ../data/custom_extra_functionality.py
    io_api:
    track_iterations: false
    min_iterations: 2
    max_iterations: 3
    transmission_losses: 2
    linearized_unit_commitment: true
    horizon: 365
    overlap: 0
    post_discretization:
      enable: false
      line_unit_size: 1700
      line_threshold: 0.3
      link_unit_size:
        DC: 2000
        H2 pipeline: 1200
        gas pipeline: 1500
      link_threshold:
        DC: 0.3
        H2 pipeline: 0.3
        gas pipeline: 0.3
      fractional_last_unit_size: false
    keep_files: false
    store_model: false
    model_kwargs:
      solver_dir: ""
  agg_p_nom_limits:
    agg_offwind: false
    agg_solar: false
    include_existing: false
    file: data/agg_p_nom_minmax.csv
  constraints:
    CCL: false
    EQ: false
    BAU: false
    SAFE: false
  solver:
    name: gurobi
    options: "gurobi-default"
  solver_options:
    "highs-default":
      threads: 1
      solver: ipm
      run_crossover: 'off'
      small_matrix_value: 1.0e-06
      large_matrix_value: 1000000000.0
      primal_feasibility_tolerance: 1.0e-05
      dual_feasibility_tolerance: 1.0e-05
      ipm_optimality_tolerance: 0.0001
      parallel: 'on'
      random_seed: 123
    "highs-simplex":
      solver: simplex
      parallel: 'on'
      primal_feasibility_tolerance: 1.0e-05
      dual_feasibility_tolerance: 1.0e-05
      random_seed: 123
    "gurobi-default":
      threads: 32
      method: 2
      crossover: 0
      BarConvTol: 1.0e-05
      Seed: 123
      AggFill: 0
      PreDual: 0
      GURO_PAR_BARDENSETHRESH: 200
      IISMethod: 1
    "gurobi-numeric-focus":
      NumericFocus: 3
      method: 2
      crossover: 0
      BarHomogeneous: 1
      BarConvTol: 1.0e-05
      FeasibilityTol: 0.0001
      OptimalityTol: 0.0001
      ObjScale: -0.5
      threads: 8
      Seed: 123
    "gurobi-fallback":
      crossover: 0
      method: 2
      BarHomogeneous: 1
      BarConvTol: 1.0e-05
      FeasibilityTol: 1.0e-05
      OptimalityTol: 1.0e-05
      Seed: 123
      threads: 8
    "cplex-default":
      threads: 4
      lpmethod: 4
      solutiontype: 2
      barrier.convergetol: 1.0e-05
      feasopt.tolerance: 1.0e-06
    "copt-default":
      Threads: 8
      LpMethod: 2
      Crossover: 0
      RelGap: 1.0e-06
      Dualize: 0
    "copt-gpu":
      LpMethod: 6
      GPUMode: 1
      PDLPTol: 1.0e-05
      Crossover: 0
    "xpress-default":
      threads: 8
      lpflags: 4
      crossover: 0
      bargaptarget: 1.0e-05
      baralg: 2
    "xpress-gpu":
      lpflags: 4
      crossover: 0
      baralg: 4
      barhggpu: 1
      barhgreltol: 1.0e-05
    "cbc-default": {}
    "glpk-default": {}
  check_objective:
    enable: false
    expected_value:
    atol: 1000000
    rtol: 0.01
  oetc:
  mem_mb: 128000
  memory_logging_frequency: 5
  runtime: 48h

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#data
data:
  hotmaps_industrial_sites:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  enspreso_biomass:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  osm:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  worldbank_urban_population:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  worldbank_commodity_prices:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  gem_europe_gas_tracker:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  gem_gcct:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  instrat_co2_prices:
    source: primary
    version: latest
  co2stop:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  nitrogen_statistics:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  eu_nuts2013:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  eu_nuts2021:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  eurostat_balances:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  eurostat_household_balances:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  wdpa:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  wdpa_marine:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  luisa_land_cover:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  jrc_idees:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  scigrid_gas:
    source: primary
    version: latest
  seawater_temperature:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  swiss_energy_balances:
    source: primary
    version: latest
  synthetic_electricity_demand:
    source: primary
    version: latest
  opsd_electricity_demand:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  entsoe_electricity_demand:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  neso_electricity_demand:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  copernicus_land_cover:
    source: primary
    version: latest
  ship_raster:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  eez:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  nuts3_population:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  gdp_per_capita:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  population_count:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  ghg_emissions:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  gebco:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  attributed_ports:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  corine:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  emobility:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  h2_salt_caverns:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  lau_regions:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  aquifer_data:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  osm_boundaries:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  gem_gspt:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  tyndp:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  powerplants:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  costs:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  country_runoff:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  country_hdd:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  natura:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  bfs_road_vehicle_stock:
    source: primary
    version: latest
  bfs_gdp_and_population:
    source: primary
    version: latest
  mobility_profiles:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  cutout:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  dh_areas:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  geothermal_heat_utilisation_potentials:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  jrc_ardeco:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  jrc_energy_atlas:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  desnz_electricity_consumption:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  ons_lad:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  bidding_zones_electricitymaps:
    source: archive
    version: latest
  bidding_zones_entsoepy:
    source: archive
    version: latest

# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#overpass_api
overpass_api:
  url: "https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter"
  max_tries: 5
  timeout: 600
  user_agent:
    project_name: "PyPSA-Eur"
    email: "contact@pypsa.org"
    website: "https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur"

`plotting`¶

plotting:
  enable_heat_source_maps: false
  map:
    boundaries: [-11, 30, 34, 71]
    geomap_colors:
      ocean: white
      land: white
  projection:
    name: "EqualEarth"
    # See https://scitools.org.uk/cartopy/docs/latest/reference/projections.html for alternatives, for example:
    # name: "LambertConformal"
    # central_longitude: 10.
    # central_latitude: 50.
    # standard_parallels: [35, 65]
  eu_node_location:
    x: -5.5
    y: 46.
  costs_max: 1000
  costs_threshold: 1
  energy_max: 20000
  energy_min: -20000
  energy_threshold: 50.
  balance_timeseries:
    max_threshold: 5 # GW
    mean_threshold: 1 # GW
    monthly: true
    monthly_resolution:
    annual: true
    annual_resolution: D
    carriers:
    - H2
    - NH3
    - gas
    - methanol
    - oil
    - solid biomass
    - biogas
    - co2 stored
    - co2
    carrier_groups:
      electricity:
      - AC
      - low voltage
      heat:
      - urban central heat
      - urban decentral heat
      - rural heat
      - residential urban decentral heat
      - residential rural heat
      - services urban decentral heat
      - services rural heat
  interactive_bus_balance:
    bus_name_pattern: None
  heatmap_timeseries:
    marginal_price:
    - AC
    - H2
    - NH3
    - gas
    - methanol
    - oil
    - co2 stored
    - urban central heat
    utilisation_rate:
    - solar
    - solar rooftop
    - solar-hsat
    - onwind
    - offwind-dc
    - offwind-ac
    - offwind-float
    - ror
    - hydro
    - PHS
    - battery charger
    - battery discharger
    - H2 Electrolysis
    - Fischer-Tropsch
    - methanolisation
    - Sabatier
    - OCGT
    - H2 Fuel Cell
    - urban central CHP
    - urban central CHP CC
    - urban central solid biomass CHP
    - urban central solid biomass CHP CC
    - rural gas boiler
    - urban central air heat pump
    - DAC
    soc:
    - battery
    - H2 Store
    - co2 stored
    - gas
    - methanol
    - oil
    - urban central water tanks
  balance_map:
    bus_carriers:
    - AC
    - co2_stored
    - gas
    - H2
    - methanol
    - oil
    - urban_central_heat
    AC:
      cmap: Greens
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_unit: €/MWh
      branch_color: darkseagreen
      unit: TWh
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      bus_factor: 0.002
      branch_factor: 0.01
      flow_factor: 100
      bus_sizes:
      - 200
      - 100
      branch_sizes:
      - 100
      - 20
    biogas:
      cmap: Greens
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_unit: €/MWh
      branch_color: darkseagreen
      unit: TWh
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      bus_factor: 0.1
      branch_factor: 0.1
      flow_factor: 100
      bus_sizes:
      - 100
      - 50
      branch_sizes:
    co2_stored:
      cmap: Purples
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_unit: €/t_${CO_2}$
      branch_color: orange
      unit: Mt
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      bus_factor: 0.015
      branch_factor: 0.4
      flow_factor: 120
      bus_sizes:
      - 50
      - 10
      branch_sizes:
      - 5
      - 2
    gas:
      cmap: Oranges
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_unit: €/MWh
      branch_color: darkred
      unit: TWh
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      bus_factor: 0.002
      branch_factor: 0.05
      flow_factor: 60
      bus_sizes:
      - 200
      - 100
      branch_sizes:
      - 100
      - 50
    H2:
      cmap: Blues
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_unit: €/MWh
      branch_color: pink
      unit: TWh
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      bus_factor: 0.002
      branch_factor: 0.03
      flow_factor: 8
      bus_sizes:
      - 50
      - 25
      branch_sizes:
      - 40
      - 20
    methanol:
      cmap: Greens
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_unit: €/MWh
      branch_color: yellow
      unit: TWh
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      bus_factor: 0.005
      branch_factor: 0.1
      flow_factor: 100
      bus_sizes:
      - 20
      - 10
      branch_sizes:
    oil:
      cmap: Greys
      region_unit: €/MWh
      vmin:
      vmax:
      branch_color: black
      unit: TWh
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      bus_factor: 0.002
      branch_factor: 0.01
      flow_factor: 100
      bus_sizes:
      - 200
      - 100
      branch_sizes:
    solid_biomass:
      cmap: Greens
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_unit: €/MWh
      branch_color: darkseagreen
      unit: TWh
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      bus_factor: 0.01
      branch_factor: 0.1
      flow_factor: 100
      bus_sizes:
      - 100
      - 50
      branch_sizes:
    urban_central_heat:
      cmap: Oranges
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_unit: €/MWh
      branch_color: darkred
      unit: TWh
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      bus_factor: 0.005
      branch_factor: 0.1
      flow_factor: 100
      bus_sizes:
      - 300
      - 100
      branch_sizes:
  balance_map_interactive:
    bus_carriers:
    - AC
    - co2_stored
    - gas
    - H2
    - methanol
    - oil
    - urban_central_heat
    AC:
      cmap: Greens
      region_unit: €/MWh
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_alpha: 0.8
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      branch_color: darkseagreen
      branch_width_max: 20
      bus_size_max: 15000
      arrow_size_factor: 2
      map_style: road
      tooltip: true
    co2_stored:
      cmap: Purples
      region_unit: €/t CO2
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_alpha: 0.8
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      branch_color: orange
      branch_width_max: 20
      bus_size_max: 15000
      arrow_size_factor: 2
      map_style: road
      tooltip: true
    gas:
      cmap: Oranges
      region_unit: €/MWh
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_alpha: 0.8
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      branch_color: darkred
      branch_width_max: 20
      bus_size_max: 15000
      arrow_size_factor: 2
      map_style: road
      tooltip: true
    H2:
      cmap: Blues
      region_unit: €/MWh
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_alpha: 0.8
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      branch_color: pink
      branch_width_max: 45
      bus_size_max: 20000
      arrow_size_factor: 2
      map_style: road
      tooltip: true
    methanol:
      cmap: Greens
      region_unit: €/MWh
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_alpha: 0.8
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      branch_color: yellow
      branch_width_max: 45
      bus_size_max: 20000
      arrow_size_factor: 2
      map_style: road
      tooltip: true
    oil:
      cmap: Greys
      region_unit: €/MWh
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_alpha: 0.8
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      branch_color: black
      branch_width_max: 45
      bus_size_max: 20000
      arrow_size_factor: 2
      map_style: road
      tooltip: true
    solid_biomass:
      cmap: Greens
      region_unit: €/MWh
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_alpha: 0.8
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      branch_color: darkseagreen
      branch_width_max: 45
      bus_size_max: 20000
      arrow_size_factor: 2
      map_style: road
      tooltip: true
    urban_central_heat:
      cmap: Oranges
      region_unit: €/MWh
      vmin:
      vmax:
      region_alpha: 0.8
      unit_conversion: 1_000_000
      branch_color: darkred
      branch_width_max: 45
      bus_size_max: 20000
      arrow_size_factor: 2
      map_style: road
      tooltip: true

  nice_names:
    OCGT: "Open-Cycle Gas"
    CCGT: "Combined-Cycle Gas"
    offwind-ac: "Offshore Wind (AC)"
    offwind-dc: "Offshore Wind (DC)"
    offwind-float: "Offshore Wind (Floating)"
    onwind: "Onshore Wind"
    solar: "Solar"
    PHS: "Pumped Hydro Storage"
    hydro: "Reservoir & Dam"
    battery: "Battery Storage"
    H2: "Hydrogen Storage"
    li-ion: "Lithium-Ion Storage"
    lfp: "Lithium-Ion-LFP Storage"
    vanadium: "Vanadium-Redox-Flow Storage"
    lair: "Liquid-Air Storage"
    pair: "Compressed-Air-Adiabatic Storage"
    iron-air: "Iron-Air Storage"
    lines: "Transmission Lines"
    ror: "Run of River"
    load: "Load Shedding"
    ac: "AC"
    dc: "DC"

  tech_colors:
    # wind
    onwind: "#235ebc"
    onshore wind: "#235ebc"
    offwind: "#6895dd"
    offshore wind: "#6895dd"
    offwind-ac: "#6895dd"
    offshore wind (AC): "#6895dd"
    offshore wind ac: "#6895dd"
    offwind-dc: "#74c6f2"
    offshore wind (DC): "#74c6f2"
    offshore wind dc: "#74c6f2"
    offwind-float: "#b5e2fa"
    offshore wind (Float): "#b5e2fa"
    offshore wind float: "#b5e2fa"
    # water
    hydro: '#298c81'
    hydro reservoir: '#298c81'
    ror: '#3dbfb0'
    run of river: '#3dbfb0'
    hydroelectricity: '#298c81'
    PHS: '#51dbcc'
    hydro+PHS: "#08ad97"
    # solar
    solar: "#f9d002"
    solar PV: "#f9d002"
    solar-hsat: "#fdb915"
    solar thermal: '#ffbf2b'
    residential rural solar thermal: '#f1c069'
    services rural solar thermal: '#eabf61'
    residential urban decentral solar thermal: '#e5bc5a'
    services urban decentral solar thermal: '#dfb953'
    urban central solar thermal: '#d7b24c'
    solar rooftop: '#ffea80'
    # gas
    OCGT: '#e0986c'
    OCGT marginal: '#e0986c'
    OCGT-heat: '#e0986c'
    gas boiler: '#db6a25'
    gas boilers: '#db6a25'
    gas boiler marginal: '#db6a25'
    residential rural gas boiler: '#d4722e'
    residential urban decentral gas boiler: '#cb7a36'
    services rural gas boiler: '#c4813f'
    services urban decentral gas boiler: '#ba8947'
    urban central gas boiler: '#b0904f'
    gas: '#e05b09'
    fossil gas: '#e05b09'
    natural gas: '#e05b09'
    biogas to gas: '#e36311'
    biogas to gas CC: '#e51245'
    CCGT: '#a85522'
    CCGT marginal: '#a85522'
    allam: '#B98F76'
    gas for industry co2 to atmosphere: '#692e0a'
    gas for industry co2 to stored: '#8a3400'
    gas for industry: '#853403'
    gas for industry CC: '#692e0a'
    gas pipeline: '#ebbca0'
    gas pipeline new: '#a87c62'
    # oil
    oil: '#c9c9c9'
    oil primary: '#d2d2d2'
    oil refining: '#e6e6e6'
    imported oil: '#a3a3a3'
    oil boiler: '#adadad'
    residential rural oil boiler: '#a9a9a9'
    services rural oil boiler: '#a5a5a5'
    residential urban decentral oil boiler: '#a1a1a1'
    urban central oil boiler: '#9d9d9d'
    services urban decentral oil boiler: '#999999'
    agriculture machinery oil: '#949494'
    agriculture machinery electric: '#444578'
    shipping oil: "#808080"
    land transport oil: '#afafaf'
    # nuclear
    Nuclear: '#ff8c00'
    Nuclear marginal: '#ff8c00'
    nuclear: '#ff8c00'
    uranium: '#ff8c00'
    # coal
    Coal: '#545454'
    coal: '#545454'
    Coal marginal: '#545454'
    coal for industry: '#343434'
    solid: '#545454'
    Lignite: '#826837'
    lignite: '#826837'
    Lignite marginal: '#826837'
    # biomass
    biogas: '#e3d37d'
    biomass: '#baa741'
    solid biomass: '#baa741'
    municipal solid waste: '#91ba41'
    solid biomass import: '#d5ca8d'
    solid biomass transport: '#baa741'
    solid biomass for industry: '#7a6d26'
    solid biomass for industry CC: '#47411c'
    solid biomass for industry co2 from atmosphere: '#736412'
    solid biomass for industry co2 to stored: '#47411c'
    urban central solid biomass CHP: '#9d9042'
    urban central solid biomass CHP CC: '#6c5d28'
    biomass boiler: '#8A9A5B'
    residential rural biomass boiler: '#a1a066'
    residential urban decentral biomass boiler: '#b0b87b'
    services rural biomass boiler: '#c6cf98'
    services urban decentral biomass boiler: '#dde5b5'
    biomass to liquid: '#32CD32'
    unsustainable solid biomass: '#998622'
    unsustainable bioliquids: '#32CD32'
    electrobiofuels: 'red'
    BioSNG: '#123456'
    BioSNG CC: '#45233b'
    solid biomass to hydrogen: '#654321'
    # power transmission
    lines: '#6c9459'
    transmission lines: '#6c9459'
    electricity distribution grid: '#97ad8c'
    low voltage: '#97ad8c'
    # electricity demand
    Electric load: '#110d63'
    electric demand: '#110d63'
    electricity: '#110d63'
    industry electricity: '#2d2a66'
    industry new electricity: '#2d2a66'
    agriculture electricity: '#494778'
    # battery + EVs
    battery: '#ace37f'
    battery storage: '#ace37f'
    battery charger: '#88a75b'
    battery discharger: '#5d4e29'
    home battery: '#80c944'
    home battery storage: '#80c944'
    home battery charger: '#5e8032'
    home battery discharger: '#3c5221'
    BEV charger: '#baf238'
    V2G: '#e5ffa8'
    land transport EV: '#baf238'
    land transport demand: '#38baf2'
    EV battery: '#baf238'
    # all battery variation:
    li-ion: '#ace37f'
    li-ion charger: '#ace37f'
    li-ion discharger: '#ace37f'
    lfp: '#ace37f'
    lfp charger: '#ace37f'
    lfp discharger: '#ace37f'
    vanadium: '#9B111E'
    vanadium charger: '#9B111E'
    vanadium discharger: '#9B111E'
    lair: '#87CEEB'
    lair charger: '#87CEEB'
    lair discharger: '#87CEEB'
    pair: '#003366'
    pair charger: '#003366'
    pair discharger: '#003366'
    iron-air: '#edba1c'
    iron-air charger: '#edba1c'
    iron-air discharger: '#edba1c'
    # hot water storage
    water tanks: '#e69487'
    residential rural water tanks: '#f7b7a3'
    services rural water tanks: '#f3afa3'
    residential urban decentral water tanks: '#f2b2a3'
    services urban decentral water tanks: '#f1b4a4'
    urban central water tanks: '#e9977d'
    hot water storage: '#e69487'
    hot water charging: '#e8998b'
    urban central water tanks charger: '#b57a67'
    residential rural water tanks charger: '#b4887c'
    residential urban decentral water tanks charger: '#b39995'
    services rural water tanks charger: '#b3abb0'
    services urban decentral water tanks charger: '#b3becc'
    hot water discharging: '#e99c8e'
    urban central water tanks discharger: '#b9816e'
    residential rural water tanks discharger: '#ba9685'
    residential urban decentral water tanks discharger: '#baac9e'
    services rural water tanks discharger: '#bbc2b8'
    services urban decentral water tanks discharger: '#bdd8d3'
    water pits: "#cc826a"
    water pits charger: "#b36a5e"
    water pits discharger: "#b37468"
    urban central water pits: "#d96f4c"
    urban central water pits charger: "#a85d47"
    urban central water pits discharger: "#b36452"
    aquifer thermal energy storage: "#6d00fc"
    aquifer thermal energy storage charger: "#6d00fc"
    aquifer thermal energy storage discharger: "#6d00fc"
    # heat demand
    Heat load: '#cc1f1f'
    heat: '#cc1f1f'
    heat vent: '#aa3344'
    heat demand: '#cc1f1f'
    rural heat: '#ff5c5c'
    rural heat dsm: '#ff5c5c'
    residential rural heat: '#ff7c7c'
    services rural heat: '#ff9c9c'
    central heat: '#cc1f1f'
    urban central heat: '#d15959'
    urban central heat dsm: '#d15959'
    urban central heat vent: '#a74747'
    decentral heat: '#750606'
    residential urban decentral heat: '#a33c3c'
    residential urban decentral heat dsm: '#a33c3c'
    services urban decentral heat: '#cc1f1f'
    low-temperature heat for industry: '#8f2727'
    process heat: '#ff0000'
    agriculture heat: '#d9a5a5'
    # heat supply
    heat pumps: '#2fb537'
    heat pump: '#2fb537'
    air heat pump: '#36eb41'
    residential urban decentral air heat pump: '#48f74f'
    services urban decentral air heat pump: '#5af95d'
    services rural air heat pump: '#5af95d'
    urban central air heat pump: '#6cfb6b'
    ptes heat pump: '#5dade2'
    urban central ptes heat pump: '#3498db'
    urban central geothermal heat pump: '#4f2144'
    geothermal heat pump: '#4f2144'
    geothermal heat direct utilisation: '#ba91b1'
    river_water heat: '#4bb9f2'
    river_water heat pump: '#4bb9f2'
    sea_water heat: '#0b222e'
    sea_water heat pump: '#0b222e'
    ground heat pump: '#2fb537'
    residential rural ground heat pump: '#4f2144'
    residential rural air heat pump: '#48f74f'
    services rural ground heat pump: '#5af95d'
    Ambient: '#98eb9d'
    CHP: '#8a5751'
    urban central gas CHP: '#8d5e56'
    CHP CC: '#634643'
    urban central gas CHP CC: '#6e4e4c'
    CHP heat: '#8a5751'
    CHP electric: '#8a5751'
    district heating: '#e8beac'
    resistive heater: '#d8f9b8'
    residential rural resistive heater: '#bef5b5'
    residential urban decentral resistive heater: '#b2f1a9'
    services rural resistive heater: '#a5ed9d'
    services urban decentral resistive heater: '#98e991'
    urban central resistive heater: '#8cdf85'
    retrofitting: '#8487e8'
    building retrofitting: '#8487e8'
    # hydrogen
    H2 for industry: "#f073da"
    H2 for shipping: "#ebaee0"
    H2: '#bf13a0'
    hydrogen: '#bf13a0'
    retrofitted H2 boiler: '#e5a0d9'
    SMR: '#870c71'
    SMR CC: '#4f1745'
    H2 liquefaction: '#d647bd'
    hydrogen storage: '#bf13a0'
    H2 Store: '#bf13a0'
    H2 storage: '#bf13a0'
    land transport fuel cell: '#6b3161'
    H2 pipeline: '#f081dc'
    H2 pipeline retrofitted: '#ba99b5'
    H2 Fuel Cell: '#c251ae'
    H2 fuel cell: '#c251ae'
    H2 turbine: '#991f83'
    H2 Electrolysis: '#ff29d9'
    H2 electrolysis: '#ff29d9'
    # ammonia
    NH3: '#46caf0'
    ammonia: '#46caf0'
    ammonia store: '#00ace0'
    ammonia cracker: '#87d0e6'
    Haber-Bosch: '#076987'
    # syngas
    Sabatier: '#9850ad'
    methanation: '#c44ce6'
    methane: '#c44ce6'
    # synfuels
    Fischer-Tropsch: '#25c49a'
    liquid: '#25c49a'
    kerosene for aviation: '#a1ffe6'
    naphtha for industry: '#57ebc4'
    methanol-to-kerosene: '#C98468'
    methanol-to-olefins/aromatics: '#FFA07A'
    Methanol steam reforming: '#FFBF00'
    Methanol steam reforming CC: '#A2EA8A'
    methanolisation: '#00FFBF'
    biomass-to-methanol: '#EAD28A'
    biomass-to-methanol CC: '#EADBAD'
    allam methanol: '#B98F76'
    CCGT methanol: '#B98F76'
    CCGT methanol CC: '#B98F76'
    OCGT methanol: '#B98F76'
    methanol: '#FF7B00'
    methanol transport: '#FF7B00'
    shipping methanol: '#468c8b'
    industry methanol: '#468c8b'
    # co2
    CC: '#f29dae'
    CCS: '#f29dae'
    CO2 sequestration: '#f29dae'
    DAC: '#ff5270'
    co2 stored: '#f2385a'
    co2 sequestered: '#f2682f'
    co2: '#f29dae'
    co2 vent: '#ffd4dc'
    CO2 pipeline: '#f5627f'
    # emissions
    process emissions CC: '#000000'
    process emissions: '#222222'
    process emissions to stored: '#444444'
    process emissions to atmosphere: '#888888'
    oil emissions: '#aaaaaa'
    shipping oil emissions: "#555555"
    shipping methanol emissions: '#666666'
    land transport oil emissions: '#777777'
    agriculture machinery oil emissions: '#333333'
    # other
    shipping: '#03a2ff'
    power-to-heat: '#2fb537'
    power-to-gas: '#c44ce6'
    power-to-H2: '#ff29d9'
    power-to-liquid: '#25c49a'
    gas-to-power/heat: '#ee8340'
    waste: '#e3d37d'
    other: '#000000'
    geothermal: '#ba91b1'
    geothermal heat: '#ba91b1'
    geothermal district heat: '#d19D00'
    geothermal organic rankine cycle: '#ffbf00'
    AC: "#70af1d"
    AC-AC: "#70af1d"
    AC line: "#70af1d"
    links: "#8a1caf"
    HVDC links: "#8a1caf"
    DC: "#8a1caf"
    DC-DC: "#8a1caf"
    DC link: "#8a1caf"
    load: "#dd2e23"
    waste CHP: '#e3d37d'
    waste CHP CC: '#e3d3ff'
    non-sequestered HVC: '#8f79b5'
    HVC to air: 'k'
    import H2: '#db8ccd'
    import gas: '#f7a572'
    import NH3: '#e2ed74'
    import oil: '#93eda2'
    import methanol: '#87d0e6'

¶

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overpass_api¶

secrets¶

plotting¶

`version`¶

`tutorial`¶

`logging`¶

`remote`¶

`run`¶

`foresight`¶

`scenario`¶

`countries`¶

`snapshots`¶

`enable`¶

`co2 budget`¶

`electricity`¶

`atlite`¶

`renewable`¶

`onwind`¶

`conventional`¶

`lines`¶

`links`¶

`transmission_projects`¶

`transformers`¶

`load`¶

`energy`¶

`biomass`¶

`solar_thermal`¶

`existing_capacities`¶

`sector`¶

`industry`¶

`costs`¶

`clustering`¶

`adjustments`¶

`solving`¶

`data`¶

`overpass_api`¶

`secrets`¶

`plotting`¶